第2讲 听力理解（一）听力技能
来源:passks.com 2005-9-20 9:54:52
一、 题型分类
听力试题的设计（尤其是简短会话部分）主要依据语言交际的功能和意念，由此将六级听力试题归为以下几大类:
（1）建议。建议并不是一定要用到suggest，propose等词直接指示，在口头交际中常有多种形式，如用问题的形式，虚拟假设的形式或情态动词等。例：
M:Mary's getting a part-time job this week.
W:Shouldn't she concentrate on doing her schoolwork instead?
Q:What does the woman suggest?
该对话中通过Shouldn't+问句表示非常强烈的建议:她不应该把更多的精力放在学习上吗?
另，Maybe + had better经常用于比较委婉的建议。也可通过虚拟条件句，表达一种非常间接的建议。类似的建议还可以通过Why not...，How/What about...等表达。
（2）暗示。暗示即言外之音，即“锣鼓听声，说话听音”的“声”和“音”，这种意念常伴以比较特殊的语调。例：
W:Would you help me to move the sofa downstairs?
M:Don't you see I'm working with my car?
Q:What could you learn about the man?
这位男子通过一种反问，暗示他眼下正忙着，要帮忙也得呆会儿——这样的对话通常发生在关系很熟悉的家人、朋友之间，要不然显得不够礼貌，本对话双方可能是夫妻。
（3）否定。否定作为一种意念，也可由多种形式表达。例：
W:Do you know whether there is a post office here?
M:We used to have a post office around the corner.
Q:Is there a post office here?
本题通过used to表示拐弯处的邮局已不复存在。
类似结构有should know better than to表示“应该很明智而不…”，即“不该…”类似的表示否定意念的结构还有“the last person/thing to...”，“I'd like/love to，but...”及虚拟条件结构。
（4）比较。比较经常涉及各个比较对像及其相互之间的逻辑关系。 例：M:What do you like to do in your spare time?
W:I like dancing and music，and I am also enthusiastic about golf and bird-keeping，but I enjoy nothing better than stamp-collecting.
Q:What is the woman's most favorite hobby?
对话中业余爱好涉及dancing，music，golf，bird-keeping及stamp-collecting等多种，要关注最喜欢什么。而最喜欢的活动又是通过一种比较级的否定表达的，这种比较级加否定结构往往表达最高级的含义。
（5）条件。不论是真实条件还是虚拟条件，都频繁地运用于语言交际，因为条件句式可表达多种功能意念，听力理解测试自然也少不了这种题型。例：
M:Frank is always complaining about his job.
W:Well，maybe if you tried waiting on tables，you'd see what it's like?
Q:What does the woman mean?
对话中，女士通过条件暗示对Frank经常抱怨的理解。
二、 语意信息的转换
“听音会意”，所谓会意即实现语言信息的实时转换，即在听音后的十来秒时间内领会听音材料的交际信息并转换成考试评分的答案信息。但考试中经常发生这样的情况，考生听懂了，也理解了，答案却拿不准。这就需要了解语音材料与书面选择项之间的内在关系并熟悉一些其间的转换规律。
（1）同义近义对应转换。要知道，选择项中的信息不可能是听力原文信息的简单重复，而往往需要重新整合，或表达其表层意思，或表达其深层含义。即使是表达表层意思的话，也不可能重复原文中相同的词语，而往往通过同、近义词语或结构换而言之。
例：M:Can you tell me what your father told you yesterday? W:It's out of the question.
Q:What does the woman mean?
A.Her father asked her a question.
B.It's impossible.
C.She would consider the question.
D.She can't understand him.答案:B
这是近义词语间的信息转换，注意出现原文中关键词question的选项都“不可能”是答案。
（2）反义逆向转换。即选择项中的答案通过反义词语或结构逆向反映听力原文中的信息。
例：M:Nothing went wrong with the new machine yesterday.You shouldn't stay up too late.
W:Yes，but it's one of my habits.I seldom go to bed early in the evening and I never feel sleepy the next day. Q:What habit does the woman have?
A.She shouldn't go to bed late.
B.She seldom feels sleepy.
C.She likes going to bed late at night.
D.She never gets up early.
答案:C
例中通过late，likes going to bed反衬原文中的early，seldom go to bed 的信息。
（3）概括综合转换。六级听力测试中要求考生作出这种转换的考题占绝大多数，即要求考生在听了会话或短文后，对所听到的语音信息进行综合概括。例：
W:I'm very impressed by all the work you've done on your house，Mr.Miller. How long have you been working on it?
M:I first became interested in doing things myself several years ago.I've been doing something on it every now and then for almost a year now.You know，I couldn't afford to pay workmen to do it.
Q:What do we learn about Mr.Miller?
A.He used to be a workman himself.
B.He likes to do repairs and make things himself.
C.He is a professional builder.
D.He paid workmen to decorate the house.
答案:B
对所列的语音信息，我们可归纳为以下几点:a.男士经常自己修修、做做;b.他对此感兴趣;c.他请人修或做花不起钱。由此可知答案B较全面。
（4）由表及里的推论转换。六级听力理解试题中，相当一部分题目的选项并不是声讯信息的简单和直接的对应形式，而是该信息所包含的说话者语气、观点、态度或不便直说的言外之意，多见于虚拟条件、修辞问句及祈使句式。 例：
M:Don't make a sound and you won't get hurt.Now hand over your wallet.Make it fast!
W:Here.Take what you want.I won't scream.Just don't hurt me.
Q:What is the man doing?
A.He is making a withdrawal from a bank.
B.He is robbing the woman.
C.He is operating on the woman.
D.He is giving the woman a ticket.
答案:B
对话双方的祈使句式及男方急促的命令语气和女士短促的乞求口气表示这是一个抢劫场面。
三、 听前预测与判断
听力理解考试中， 组成每题的四个书面选择项是根据有声材料设计的正确答案和干扰选项，其中隐藏着大量和有声材料相关的信息。能熟练通过对书面选项的比较、理解进而预测、判断即将听到的会话或短文的内容、大意或问题的范围，是做好听力测试题的一个重要技能。根据选择对听力材料内容的预测和判断能起到缩小听音对信息搜索范围和确定搜索方向的作用。能事先让我们了解所听材料大概涉及什么话题，问题可能以什么方式提出等。
（1）预测与判断的时机。考试中题与题的间隔时间只有十来秒，要选题，又要对下一题进行预测判断，是相当紧张的。一般我们应抓住两个时机做这一工作，一为允许试卷拆封到第一题听力题正式开始播放之间的7～8分钟时间。考生对考前指令、答题卡填写要求及听力题说明一般都比较熟悉，故要充分利用这段时间，将所有听力题的选择项逐题进行分析预测，并作好一定的标记;第二个预测时机是每题间的间隔，一般用10秒钟进行选题，然后用剩下的几秒钟快速浏览下一题，并回忆考前预测时所作标记的含义。
（2）预测与判断的方法。
a.不同题型采用不同的预测判断方法:简短对话部分的题与题之间相对独立，所以只要以每题为一个分析预测的单位。如:
A.Susan is a fast worker.
B.Susan did Jack's homework.
C.Susan didn't do the homework on her own.
D.Susan has not finished her homework.
本题四选项都与“work”有关，其中B、C、D又把范围缩至“homework”，同时A与D与工作“快慢”有关，B与C又与作业由“谁”做有关。请看原文: M:It's hard to believe that Susan has already finished her homework. W:Well，she copied Jack's homework and made a few changes. Q:What does the woman say about Susan?（1999.1—C）
短文听力理解则以该短文所覆盖的题目范围为一个分析预测单位。
b.复合式听写是一种短文填空式听写测试，对它的分析预测则主要通过浏览全文推测短文的主题大意及要点，以及空缺前后句子的结构和语意、空位所缺词的可能词性等。
c.根据卷面选择项的语言结构进行分析预测。选择项的不同句法结构特征主要能帮助我们预测对话的题型或短文问题的模式。如:1.动词词组，一般问的是“干什么”，如:
A.Try to help him find rooms in another hotel.
B.Check to see if there are any vacancies in her hotel.
C.Let him move to a room with two single beds.
D.Show him the way to Imperial Hotel.
2.形容词（短语）或系表形容词结构，通常问及某人“怎么样”或“什么感觉、什么态度”等，如:
A.He is confident. B.He is worried.
C.He is bored. D.He is angry.
又如: A.Robust. B.Generous. C.Brave. D.Dangerous.
3.名词短语，一般问及对话、短文主题，如:
A.The admission of a patient.
B.Diagnosis of an illness.
C.The old man's serious condition.
D.Sending for a doctor.
4.比较结构，对话或短文中肯定涉及比较意念，如:
A.It's larger than the old one.
B.It's smaller than the old one.
C.It's quieter than the old one.
D.It's worse than the old one.
d.根据选择项的异同分析预测。一道试题排印整齐的四个选择项，其词汇结构上的异同点一目了然，我们要充分利用这种排版印刷和命题上的特点，“去同存异”，从不同处入手，进行分析预测，同时这种方法能大大加快阅读选择项的速度。否则逐项阅读是难以达到每分钟200词的速度的，必须“一目四行”。相同部分可略去不看。
当然，有时选择项不会那么整齐，但还是能找到一些共同和不同之处的。如:
A. His only son is dying.
B. His mother died some time ago.
C.He didn't look after his sick wife.
D.He hasn't taken good care of his son.
通过异同分析，可推测本题涉及他的“谁”死或病。他没照料（好）他的“什么人”。
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