六级听力解题技能技巧 (4)
来源:passks.com 2005-9-26 9:24:23
本讲专题: 六级听力应试技巧__短文或听写部分
Section B 短文部分
六级听力考试的第二部分通常是短文理解。该部分一般由3篇短文及10道针对短文提出的问题组成。10道问题基本平均分配,两篇短文后跟3个问题,另一篇后跟4个问题,每个问题后约有13秒的间隙。短文由一人朗读,语速约为每分钟160词。
与对话部分相比,这一部分所含的信息量较大,对考生的短时记忆要求较高,在信息的辨别、组织和推断等方面都有一定的难度。因此,熟练掌握解题技巧就更加重要了。
从前面几节中读者可以看到,听力考试中唯一的书面线索就是各题的四个选择项。对于听力不是特别好的考生来说,准确地利用四个选项的信息进行推理和判断往往是答好试题的关键,这一点在短文理解题中尤为突出。但与对话部分不同的是,考生除了要掌握单个题的解题技巧以外,还要格外注意以下方面:
一、短文理解的选项通常都比较长,平时训练时要注意浏览速度的培养;
二、总的来说,短文理解的文章可分为简单科普类、英美风土人情类和社会问题类,而且其篇幅不长,难度介于一级与二级之间,客观地说,这种文章并不是太多,因此平时要广泛进行大量的阅读,极有可能在应试时碰到内容类似的考题,甚至会出现文章以前见过的情况。
三、由于短文理解文章的题材比较广泛,平时要注意扩大自己的知识面,有很多题都是完全通过常识就能做出答案 (见例一)。
四、由于每篇文章后有两到三个问题,这在一定程度上增加了试题的难度,但从另一个角度来看,这同样给予考生更多的信息来判断一篇文章的主要内容,因此,在浏览选项时,首先要把这篇文章的几个问题综合起来,分析出整篇文章的主要内容,并将其应用于各个小题的分析中。
此外,关于在听音时是否记笔记的问题,仁者见仁。笔者认为应视各人具体情况并依题而定。例如,对于可准确判断出其提问方式的题,完全可以边听录音边划下答案,就没有必要记下什么。但对于数字题来说,由于短文中可能出现几个数字,而且记下数字相对较容易,此时可在卷边简单做一些记录。
还有一点值得注意的是,短文后的问题并不都与有关信息在短文是出现的顺序相对应。
本章将从短文理解部分的出题形式,综合短文体裁来进行逐一分析,希望读者能掌握分析的思路。
1 主旨型
主旨型的题针对短文的中心思想、主题、说话者的态度与观点以及短文标题等内容进行提问,考的主要是考生对全文的综合理解和整体把握。其提问一般由what或which引出,如:
What’s the main idea/topic of the passage?
What is mainly discussed in the passage?
What is best title for the passage?
What can be concluded/inferred from the passage?
What can we learn/infer from the passage?
What does the passage imply?
读者可以看出,这类题极类似于阅读理解中的主题类问题,因此平时大量的阅读对做好这类题无疑是有帮助的。就听力题而言,除了首先要根据选项进行预测外,还要尽量抓住主题句,把握全文大意。主题句是全文展开的基础,抓住了主题句,考生就能对短文的主要内容有大概的了解。一般来说,主题句的位置不外乎短文的开头与结尾两处,位于短文中间的很少,所以听录音时,要对这两处地方特别注意。
【例1】 [1](95-6 B20)
A) Nature has changed our environment over the years.
B) We must avoid wasting resources and polluting our environment.
C) Our resources are nearly used up.
D) Trips to other planets will help eliminate pollution.
答案是B)。这是一道比较明显的主旨型题。我们不妨假设这种题的问句全部都是:What’s the passage mainly about? 或者 What can be drawn from the passage?。 无须其它信息,根据这四个选项,我们就可心确定这是一篇关于环境(污染或保护)的文章。环境问题已是大家非常熟悉的话题,我们可用常识知识来排除干扰项。
首先,既然是环境污染或环境保护,文中谈的必然是人类与自然的问题,因此A)的可能性不大,况且环境本身就是自然的一部分,自然改变环境不通。A)可以被排除。
B)似乎有道理,暂时保留。
C)明显不符合事实。要说的话,也只能说:our resources are being used up。
D)中用了eliminate(消除)一词,估计没有人会赞同这种说法。
当然,在做出简单的判断之后,我们还要用听到的信息进行验证以确保无误。原文如下:
In a way, all of us are in one spaceship, the planet Earth. We move around the sun at 18 miles per second and never stop. On our spaceship we have five billion people and a limited supply of air, water, and land. These supplies have to be used carefully because we can’t buy new air, water, or land from anywhere else.
The environment on our planet is a closed system: nothing new is ever added. Nature recycles its resources. Water, for example, evaporates and rises as visible drops to form clouds. This same water returns to the earth as rain or snow. The rain that falls today is actually the same water that fell on the land 70 million years ago.
Today, the Earth is in trouble. Factories pour dirty water into our rivers. Many fish dies and the water becomes unhealthy for people to drink. Cars and factories put poisons into the air and cause plants, animals and people to get sick. People throw bottles and paper out of their car windows, and the roadside becomes covered with all sorts of wastes. Over the years, people have changed the environment, and we have pollution.
To continue to survive, we must learn how to use the Earth’s resources wisely. We have to change our habits and stop dumping such enormous amounts of industrial waste into the water and air. We must cooperate with nature and learn better ways to use, not abuse, our environment.
Question 20: What message is the speaker trying to convey?
【例2】
A) Trade unions in Britain are becoming more popular.
B) Most strikes in Britain are against the British law.
C) Unofficial strikes in Britain are easier to deal with now.
E) Employer-worker relations in Britain have become tenser.
本题也是比较明显的主旨型题。四个选项中给了我们足够的信息。这篇文章涉及到了工会(A)、罢工(B、C)、劳资关系(D),这些可称为选择项中关键词。单就这三个词来说,我们可以分析一下它们之间的相互关系,即罢工是由工会组织的,而这又是在劳资关系恶化的背景下发生的,因此这是一篇属于社会问题类型的文章。很明显,作为工会和罢工存在的背景的劳资关系较之前两者更适合作为讨论的话题。
现在再来看这四个选项,且不管A)、B)、C)三个是否符合事实(有这方面的知识当然更好),我们起码可以看到前三个答案讲的全是单一的、细节性的内容,都不适合作主题句,因而可以认为D)是正确答案。原文如下:
Strikes are very common in Britain. They are extremely harmful to its industries. In fact, there are other countries in Western Europe that lose more working days through strikes every year than Britain. The trouble with the strikes in Britain is that they occur in essential industries. There are over 495 unions in Britain. Some unions are very small. Over 20 have more than 100,000 members. Unions do not exist only to demand higher wages. They also educate their members. They provide benefits for the sick and try to improve working conditions. Trade unioners say that we must thank the unions for the great improvement in working conditions in the last hundred years. It is now against the law for union members to go on strike without the support of their union. This kind of strike is called the unofficial strike and was common until recently. Employers feel that unofficial strikes were most harmful because they would not be predicted. However, these unofficial strikes still occur from time to time and some unions have also refused to cooperate with the law. As a result, the general picture of the relations between workers and employers in Britain has gone from bad to worse.
Question: What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?
从以上两例可以看出,主旨型的题往往能够通过对各选项的分析就能判断出答案,只要掌握了分档的技巧,这种题还是比较容易的。
2. 细节题
细节题(包括对话部分)大致可分为两类:明示和隐含两种。
A. 明示细节题
明示细节题涉及的一般都是短文明确表达的具体细节,如人物、地点、时间、数字等。相对而言,明示细节题是最容易的题型,这不仅是因为其答案往往可以直接从原文中听到(有时也可能与原文内容相同,但表达方式可能有差异),主要还因为其书面线索即卷面选项较为简单,通常不需要经过复杂的逻辑推理即可判断出属于这类题。请看以下各例:
1.
A) The victory over one’s fellow runners.
B) The victory over former runners.
C) The victory of will-power over fatigue.
D)The victory of one’s physical strength.
2.
A) The runner who runs to keep fit.
B) The runner who breaks the record.
C) The runner who does not break rules.
D)The runner who covers the whole distance.
3.
A) He won the first prize.
B) He dies because of fatigue.
C) He fell behind the other runners.
D) He gave up because he was tired.
从选择项中多次出现的重复词汇victory, runner等可知短文的内容讲的是赛跑。
第一题的选项都是名词词组,被修饰词是相同的,都是victory,由此可以推测,本题的提问将是针对修饰victory 这个名词的定语内容。
第二题选项的结构与第一题相同,可做同样的推测,听音的重点是定语从句的内容。
第三题的主语是he,可以猜测是关于某个运动员的。A)过于一般,D)与人们所提倡的参与精神相背,故B)、C)的可能性较大。听音时注意。
B.隐含细节题
隐含细节题的答案往往不能从句子原文中直接找到,而是要经过分析推测与问题有关的事实之后才能得以发现,有一个综合理解的过程。这需要考生在听音的过程中,除了应用前文介绍的听力技巧外,还要根据自己所掌握的知识和逻辑思维能力,借助于话语提示和声音手段,找出那些录音中没有直接表达出来的事实或问题答案。
要做好这类题,有效利用书面信息并作出预测是非常必要的(详见本节各例),同时,还要掌握一些常用的话语提示信息,对下文内容做出符合逻辑的推测,这些提示的内容包括:
1. 要点提示。其提问方式一般为:
The first thing I want to say is ...
The point I want to make is ...
It is true that....
One reason is that ... 等等
这些提示告诉考生下文将是说话人要强调的重点,而且往往涉及说话人的观点和看法。
2. 转换话题。常见的提问有:
Another thing I want to say is ...
There is another view/point ...
On the other hand ...
【例 1】
A) In the white page. B) In the blue page.
C) In the yellow page. D) In a special section.
【例 2】
A) On the first page of the telephone book. B) At the end of the telephone book.
C) In the front of the white page. D) Right after the white page.
【例 3】
A) Check your number and call again. B) Tell the operator what has happened.
C) Ask the operator to put you through. D) Ask the operator what has happened.
本例选自91年6月份考卷。看到第二题的选项,我们马上就知道这是一篇关于电话簿的文章。第一题的选项告诉我们(这种)电话簿上有白、蓝、黄三种颜色的纸,估计不同颜色的纸上记载不同的信息,这一题的设问的可能是某种电话号码在哪种颜色的纸上(注意选项D)显然不可能是答案,你能说出为什么吗?);第二题的提问看来和第一题差不多,但四个答案均有可能,不宜妄作猜测;第三题各选项为动宾结构,问题肯定是如果你遇到某种问题应该怎么办,既然并不知道要遇到什么问题,答案自然无从知晓,只好等待录音。不过题型以及部分可能的问题已经猜出,这篇文章也就不是那么难了。
原文及问题如下:
Telephone books in the United States have white, blue and yellows pages.
The white pages list people with phones by the last name. The blue pages contain numbers of city services, government agencies, and public schools. Businesses and professional services are listed in a special section ?C the Yellow Pages.
To make a long distance call, you need an area code. Each area in the U. S. has an area code. The area covered by one area code may be small or large. For example, New York city has one area code, but so does the whole state of Oregon. If you want to know the area code of a place, you can look it up in the area code map which if printed in the front of the white pages.
There are a lot of public telephones in the U. S. They have their own numbers. If you are making a long distance call on a public telephone and run out of money, give the number on your phone to the person you’re talking to. Then hang up the receiver and he can call you back. If you make a long distance call and get a wrong number, call the operator and explain what happened. This means that you can make the call again to the right number without having to pay more money.
1. Where can you find the telephone number of a city council in the telephone book?
2. Where can you find an area code map of the U. S.?
3. What are you advised to do when you get a wrong number in making a long distance call?
正如上文分析的那样,这三个问题都是细节题。第一题属隐含细节题,a city council (市议会)显然属于government agency,故应选B)。第二、三题是明示的细节题,答案不言而喻。
C.判断细节题
判断细节题要求根据听力原文内容判断选项的正误,大体说来有两种形式:一是关于选项的描述或内容是否正确,提问的方式通常是:
Which of the following (statements) is true/false according to the passage?
其二是问选项的描述或内容是否在文章中提到过,其提问方式为:
Which of the following statements is mentioned/not mentioned in the passage?等等。
判断题要求考生不但能听懂原文的内容,还要有较好的记忆能力,能根据听到的内容从四个选项中找出与原文内容相符、相同或不同的选择项,有时甚至是找出原文没有提及的事实与内容。
【例】(1990-1)
1.
A) It’s located in a college town.
B) It’s composed of a group of old buildings.
C) Its classrooms are beautifully designed.
D) Its library is often crowded with students.
2.
A) Teachers are well paid at Deep Springs.
B) Students are mainly from New York States.
C) The length of schooling is two years.
D) Teachers needn’t pay for their rent and meals.
录音及问题如下:
Deep Springs is an American college. It is an unusual college. It is high in the white mountains in California, not in a college town. The campus is a collection of old buildings with no beautiful classrooms. The only college-like thing about Deep Spring is its library. Students can study from the 17,000 books 24 hours a day. The library is never crowded as there are only 24 well-qualified male students at the college. In addition, there are only five full-time professors. These teachers believe in the idea of this college. They need to believe in it. They do not get much money. In fact, their salaries are only about 9,000 dollars a year plus room and meals. The school gives the young teachers as well as the students something more important than money. “There is no place like Deep Springs”, says a second-year student from New York State, “Most colleges today are much the same but Deep Springs is not afraid to be different.” He says that students at his college are in a situation quite unlike in the other school. Students are there to learn and they cannot run away from problems. There is no place to escape to. At most colleges, students can close their books and go to a film. They can go out to restaurants or to parties. Deep Springs students have completely different alternatives. They can talk to each other or to their teachers. Another possible activity is to go to the library to study. They might decide to do some walk in the desert. Deep Springs is far from the world of restaurants and cinemas. There is not even a television set on campus.
1. What is true of the campus of Deep Springs College?
2. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?
从上例中可以看出,这种题的书面线索是其选项多为表示单一事实的陈述句,但仅靠这一点显然于事无补,因此,做这类题的方法是:一边听录音一边看选项,核对选项内容与录音内容是否一致或是否在录音中出现过。如果发现某一选项的内容与录音相近或相同,而有的选项恰恰与听到的内容相反,即可判断它是属于第一种类型的考题。此时再继续看第三个选项,如果一致的情况占多数,提问就可能是:Which of the following (statements) is true according to the passage? 就在听的同时将选项内容与录音内容的那一选项标出来。反之,如果不一致的选项占多数,提问就将是:Which of the following (statements) is false/not true according to the passage? 标出唯一不一致的选项即可。总之,这类题不要等到问题提出来以后再去选答案。
对于第二种类型的题也是同样,如果发现某选项的内容录音中没有提到过,则应将在录音中出现过的选项内容标下来。
3 推论题
与对话部分的推论题略有不同,而更类似阅读理解中的推论题。短文中的推论题主要是指根据短文内容推断1、短文体裁(例如短文选自何种文章)、2、后续段落将要谈的问题3、后续段落将要谈的观点等。常见的提问有:
Where do you think the passage is taken from ?
What will the author will discuss after the passage?
这种题的书面信息是:第一类题的四个选项都是表示文章题裁的名词不达意短语;第二类题的选项是可以作为谈论话题的名词短语;第三类题与前面讲过的主旨型题类似。
做好这种题的关键是要把握文章的主题,以作出准确的推测。
鉴于这类题较难而且出现的较少,本节就不再举例,建议读者多做这种类型的阅读理解题,可收到更好的效果。
Section B 填空听写部分
填空听写题型介绍参见第二章第二节听写技能训练。
填空听写是一种主观测试题型, 对考生的英语水平有较高的要求。考生不仅要听辨出词语的读音和记住其意义,而且要能够熟练地将其写出来。这项技能是听力和书面表达能力的结合,较难掌握, 考生必须在平时加强这方面的训练。 除了注重平时的训练, 考生也应当掌握一定的答题方法和策略。方法得当,就会事半功倍。这里介绍一些基本答题方法:
(1)预读。听录音之前, 考生可利用播放指令的时间,预读试题册上提供的书面文字,了解短文的大意。这是解题的前奏。 (2)第一遍播放时,力求对短文形成一个整体的印象。如果考生明白了短文的内容和和上下文的联系, 就会为听第二遍和填写空白打下良好的基础。
(3)速记。在不影响全文听音的前提下,听第一遍时,可用速记法记录部分信息,并顺手填上有把握的词句。
(4)第二遍播放时,要认真听清楚空白处的词语,特别要记住其意义,然后在录音停顿时将听到的词语根据记忆填写在空白处。 考生一定要牢记,填空必须在耐心听完空白处词语后进行,千万不要边听写, 如果边听边写。很可能是前面的没有写完,后面的又没有听清, 造成顾此失彼的后果。
(5)听第三遍录音时,要仔细核对填写在空白处的词语。 要注意词法、句法的结构和词组、短语以及固定搭配的用法;单词拼词、大小写和标点符号亦不容忽视。
Section B 复合式听写部分
1. 预测短文整体内容及局部信息
如第一节所述,复合式听写的S1~S7在很大程度上类似于完形填空,因此一定要利用放音前的准备时间对卷面进行浏览,对短文进行预测。预测的顺序如下:
(1)首先要弄清短文的主题;先要快速阅读全文,了解短文大意,此时不要急于预测个别空的答案;
(2)在了解短文大意的基础上,有效利用上下文信息,推测S1~S7各个空的答案。要把握先易后难的原则。对于一时猜不出具体单词的空,不要浪费时间,但应猜出词性;
(3)S8~S10是完整的句子,极难猜出,故不应在此逗留,而要留到听完录音之后再完成。
2.把握好答题顺序
复合式听写的短文共朗读三遍,要分好每一遍录音中自己的任务。按照录音指令的要求,在放第一遍的时候,不要做任何题,只去抓文章的大意,其实事情并不尽然。因为按照指令,第二遍是填空时间。根据作者的经验,如果第一遍的时候未作任何记录,要想在这一遍填出所有的空,大多数考生都做不到。所以,笔者认为,在对短文作出了一定推测的基础上,可以在第一遍放音时,适当作一些笔记,比如,对推测正确的题,在其旁边划上一个对号;而对于猜错了的题,应该用一些简单符号记录下答题信息(请见5.1.3)。对于句子填空,要听懂各个句子,并能反应出其大意,亦可作一些简单的记录,但前提是理解整个句子。
在放第二遍录音的时候,如果时间较紧,要优先做没有猜对的题和句子(S8~S10)。其中的句子部分,至少要填出两个。
放第三遍的时候,可一边听音,一边校对没有把握的答案,对于有把握的答案,则可以放过。同时, 这也是考生最后解答不会问题的机会。
3. 适当作笔记 考生应根据自己的情况,一边听录音,一边记下与答题有关的内容,这需要平时大量的训练。在这里,许多考生会陷入两个误区。其一是过分严谨,每字必写,一个字母都不愿漏掉。如果说在S1~S7中尚可做到的话,对于S8~S9则是非常困难,尤其在听第一遍的时候。正确的做法是“发明”你自己的速记方式,用最简单的符号去代表最多的内容,只要你自己能看懂即可。例如,我们可以大量使用缩略语,比如用Am...代替美国;可以借鉴电传的做法,仅写下辅音字母;可以用阿拉伯数字代替英文数字;有时甚至可以借助于汉语或者一些只有你自己当时能明白的符号。
许多考生的第二个误区是每题必记。试想,如果有的题你既已听懂内容又推测出了答案了,又有何 必要在卷边记下来呢?
4. 注意卷面
(1)卷面要清晰
在复合式听写中,经常有需要修改的地方。在以往的四 、六级阅卷中发现,有的考生爱用涂改液,白白浪费了许多时间;有的考生干脆划掉重写,乱七八糟;还有的考生先用铅笔写,再用钢笔描一遍,弄得卷面惨不忍睹。作者提醒广大考生,要照顾阅卷老师的情绪,尽可能减少主观因素带来的损失。不要将笔记记在答题纸上;对没有把握而可能需要修改的答案,可记在试卷边上,确定以后再往答题纸上写。
(2)字迹要工整
平时抽空练一练字,记住英语中没有狂草这种书法。
(3)拼写
复合式听写本身就包括两方面能力的测试:听和写。在平时的练习和正式考试中我们都发现,有相当数量的学生听也听懂了,词也认识,偏偏在写的时候要漏掉一个字母。丢掉这样的分,你说可惜不可惜?
(4) 语法
比拼写错误更为可惜的是语法错误造成的失分。特别容易错的是名词复数和动词的过去式和过去分词,请考生多加注意。
5. 复合式听写评分原则
复合式听写要求考生在听懂短文的基础上,用听到的原文填写空缺的单词, 以及用听到的原文或用自己的语言正确地回答问题。
给分标准:S1至S7每题为0.5分。 拼写完全正确的单词给0.5分, 凡有错不给分。S8至S10 总共6.5分。每题按照内容分配分数。只有答出全部内容且语言正确才能得满分。没有答对问题得0分。
扣分标准:S8至S10 题中凡有语言错误扣0.5分, 每题语言错误扣分不超过0.5分, 凡不得分部分如有语言错误, 不再重复扣分;S8至S10中所出现的错误如属明显的拼写错误,不扣分;S8至S10中有与问题无关的内容扣0.5分;用汉语回答问题不得分。
与某一特定地点/职业相关联的关键词和短语
1. Bank
check (cheque), cash, deposit, interest, savings, account, interest rate, service charge, coin, change, fixed deposit, balance
2. HOSPITAL
medicine, pills, operation, surgery, emergency room, cold, fever, cough, high temperature, a sore throat, headache, blood pressure, stomach, disease, heart, lung, cancer, examine, tablet, prescription
3. SCHOOL
class, lesson, homework, assignment, exam, test, quiz, term, semester, quarter, course, professor, research paper, tuition, scholarship, freshman, sophomore, junior, senior, graduate, lecture,
4. LIBRARY
borrow, lend, card, book, catalogue, due, overdue, return, renew, novel, magazine, fiction, journal, periodical, author, bookshelf, reference book
5. HOTEL
single/double room, reserve (book), check in (out), bathroom, full, reception, front desk, laundry
6. POST OFFICE
mail, stamp, letter, envelope, postage, postcard, package, parcel, telegram
7. SHOP
sale, price, cheap, expensive, size, groceries, bargain, brand, color, style, fashion, jeans, jacket, T-shirt, dress, What can I do for you?, Can I help you?, How much does it cost? Cash or check?
8. RESTAURANT
menu, order, bill, drink, dessert, salad, soup, bread, potato, bill, beer, wine, whisky, pizza, pie, food
9. AIRPORT
flight, gate, take off, land, board, arrival, departure
10. RAILWAY STATION
ticket, luggage, train, platform, passenger, car. fare, leave, arrive
11. BUS /BUS STATION
fare, passenger, drive, drive, gas station, garage, pull in (out), brake
几点说明:
1. 这部分内容主要来自于双博士系列六级考试教程听力分册,比印刷版本多了一些实例讲解;
2. 网页上有部分内容用到了音标, 如果在您的机器上不能正常显示的话, 您可以试一下以下方法:
a. 首先找一台安装了金山词霸的电脑,
b.在资源管理器或者我的电脑版面上找到系统字体文件夹
(一般是C:WINDOWSFONTS或者C:WINNTFONTS ).
c.找到Kingsoft Phonetic 这种字体。 把文件拷到软盘上, 然后添加到自己机器相同文件夹里面。
如果你的电脑脑子没有进水CPU神经正常的话:) .应该就可以看到音标了。
〈K ingsoft是做软件的牛人金山公司的英文大名〉
3. 由于四六级考试题型相近, 读者完全可以参照四级部分的一些解题技巧,
在此我们也重点讲解六级考试的特别之处。
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