Passage One
Merchant and passenger ships are generally required to have a life preserver for every person aboard and, in many cases, a certain percentage of smaller sizes for children. According to United States Coast Guard requirements, life preservers must be simple in design, reversible, capable of being quickly adjusted to fit the uninitiated individual, and must be so designed as to support the wearer in the water in an upright or slightly backward position.
Sufficient buoyancy(浮力) to support the wearer should be retained by the life preserver
after 48 hour in the water, and it should be reliable even after long period of storage. Thus it
should be made of materials resistant to sunlight, gasoline, and oils, and it should be not easily
set on fire.
The position in which the life preserver will support a person who jumps or falls into the
water is most important, as is its tendency to turn the wearer in the water from a face - down
position to an upright or slightly backward position, with his face clear of the water, even when
the wearer is exhausted or unconscious.
The method of adjustment to the body should be simple, and self-evident to uninitiated
persons even in the dark under the confused conditions which follow a disaster. Thus, the life
preserver should be reversible, so that it is nearly impossible to set it on wrong. Catches, straps,
and ties should be kept to a minimum. In addition, the life preserver must be adjustable to the
wide variety of shapes and sizes of wearers, since this greatly affects the position of floating and
the self- righting qualities. A suitable life preserver should also be comfortable to wear at all
times, in and out of the water, not so heavy as to encourage to take it off on shipboard while the
ship is in danger, nor so burdensome that it hinders a person in the water while trying to swim.
21. The passage is mainly about________.
A) the uses of life preservers B) the design of life preservers
C) the materials for life preservers D) the buoyancy of life preservers
22. According to the passage, a life preserver should be first of all,___________.
A) adjustable B) comfortable C) self-evident D) self-righting
23. United States Coast Guard does NOT require the life preserver to the made ________.
A) with as few strings as possible
B) capable of being worn on both sides
C) according to each wearer's size
D) comfortable and light to wear
24. By "the uninitiated individual" ( Para. 1, D. 6) the author refers to the person________.
A) who has not been instructed how to use a life preserver
B) who has a little experience in using a life preserver
C) who uses a life preserver without permission
D) who becomes nervous before a disaster
25. What would happen if a person were supported by the life preserver in a wrong position?
A) The waves would move him backwards.
B) The water would choke him.
C) He would immediately sink to the bottom.
D) He would be exhausted or unconscious.
Passage Two
A hundred years ago it was assumed and scientifically "proved" by economists that the
laws of society made it necessary to have a vast army of poor and jobless people in order to keep
the economy going. Today, hardly anybody would dare to voice this principle. It is generally accepted that nobody should be excluded from the wealth Western industrialized countries, a system of insurance has been introduced which guarantees everyone a minimum of subsistence(生活维持费) in case of unemployment, sickness and old age. I would go one step further and argue that, even if these conditions are not present, everyone has the right to receive the means to subsist(维持生活), in other words, he can claim this subsistence minimum without having to have any "reason". I would suggest, however, that it should be limited to a definite period of time, let's say two years, so as to avoid the encouraging of an abnormal attitude which refused
any kind of social obligation.
This may sound like a fantastic proposal, but so, I think, our insurance system would have
sounded to people a hundred years ago. The main objection to such a scheme would be that if
each person were entitled to receive minimum support, people would not work. This
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