2002年1月研究生入学英语考试试题答案解析
来源:网络整理 2005-8-1 15:59:00
第二部分：本部分的命题特点是考查语言知识的综合运用能力，文章内容本身不复杂，但句子长，分句多，语法现象灵活，加大了题目的难度。解题思路是从句子结构入手，立足于文章大意，比较判断。
21．选[A]。解答此题需要分析句子间的逻辑关系。第二句中的第一个词"Yet"表明了本句是对第一句内容的转折。第一句讲到20世纪电视的发展和15世纪、16世纪与20世纪之间的年代发生的事。同时，第三句中出现的19世纪也确定了本题的选择为[A]between， 指这两个时间段中间的年代。
22．选[D]。本题考查it is … that…强调句型。下文not until结构，被强调的部分是not until引导的时间状语。
23．选[C]。本题考查词义辨析。所给四个单词都有"方法，手段"的意思，但medium还有"媒体"的意思，正文正好用来指newspaper，因为newspaper是一种"媒体"。Medium的复数形式是media。
24.选[B]。本题需要对比两个短语：in the wake of 和in the company of.前者的意思是"在……之后"，后者的意思是"与……同时"。company在此句中的意思是"陪伴，伴随"。本句表明传单和书出现在报纸之前，而期刊是和报纸同时出现的。
25．选[B]。本题考查词义辨析。Speed up是"加速"的意思。本句讲的是19世纪通讯革命的发展。从句意来看，只能选[B]。
26．选[A]。本题考查副词on表"继续"的用法。本句讲19世纪通讯革命的发展，从交通、铁路开始， 发展到电报、电话、无线电和电影，直到20世纪的汽车和飞机。从这三个阶段可看出本题只能选[A]。
27．选[D]。本题考查介词的意义。由空格后的20th century world及与之相搭配的动词lead来看，［D］into是正确选项。
28.选［D］。本题考查固定搭配的用法。in perspective是固定短语，意思是"正确地"。本句的意思是：并不是所有的人都正确地认识了这一过程。本段最后一句指出"正确认识这一过程是很重要的"。
29.选［C］。本题考查副词的用法。从文章整体内容来看，文章每一段都谈到了不同的内容。第二段涉及电脑，并且在第一句就指出急剧地改变了第一段中提到的通讯革命，由此可以判断出这里应填入表示转折意味的副词，因此只能选［C］however。注意本题中的标点给了一定的解题线索，但是选项［D］there fore在标点符号的运用上与however是相同的，因此，要做出最后的判断还要依赖于对文章内容的理解。
30.选［B］。本题要求区分词义并考查一定的常识。所给四个选项的意思分别是［A］brought带来，［B］followed跟随其后的是……。常识知识告诉我们最早的电脑是在20世纪初期出现的，而20世纪60年代(即1960)出现了集成电路(integrated circuit)，所以两者出现的时间顺序很明显，电脑在先，集成电路在后，因此，正确选项是［B］followed。
31.选［D］。本题要求区分连词的意义。所给四个连词的意思分别是：［A］unless除非；［B］since自从，由于；［C］lest以防；［D］although 虽然。从文章内容来看，该处连词引导的分句应表示与全句相对立的内容，表明"电脑对媒体的作用没有立刻显现出来"，所以［D］although是正确选项。
32.选［A］。本题要求区分形容词词义。所给四个选项的意思分别是［A］apparent明显的，副面的；［B］desirable让人产生欲望的……；［C］negative消极的，副面的；［D］plausible 合理的。从文章内容来看，只有［A］为正确选项。
33.选［A］。本题要求区分形容词词义及对文章内容的理解。所给四个选项的意思分别是［A］institutional机构性的，团体性的；［B］universal普遍的；［C］fundamental根本的；［D］instrumental工具性的。本题的解题要点是要判断as well as前后的两个形容词的关系。as well as是一个并列连接短语，连接两个对等成份，而能与personal在意思上对等的词只有［A］institutional，分别指"个人电脑"和大机构团体用的电脑。
34.选［C］。本题要求区分同义词。storage的意思是"存储"，因此后面的词要表示可存储的能力，即"容量，容积"的意思。所给四个选项中只有［C］capacity有此意项。
35.选［B］。本题要求区分介词短语。［A］by means of通过……方式；［B］in terms of在……方面，以……说法；［C］with regard to关于……；［D］in line with与……一致。本句要表达的意思是：就象描述人一样，电脑也用"代"来描述，因此此处要填入的介词短语要表达"用……说法来描绘"的意思，只能填入［B］项。
36.选［D］。本题要求区分修饰名词的形容词。所给四个选项中只有small才能修饰distance.注意distance这样的词不能用法语中的"远、近"来修饰，而只能用"small， big"来修饰。正如price不能用cheap和expensive来修饰一样。
37.选［A］。本题要求区分名词。［A］context情况，境况；［B］range范围；［C］scope范围；［D］territory领域，领土。从文章内容来看，空格处要填入的词应是表达与"society"(社会)同义的词，且能够和live within搭配，所以只有［A］为正确选项。
38.选［C］。本题要求区分动词。［A］regard以为……；［B］impress给……留下印象；［C］influence影响；［D］effect使实施。文章要表达的意思是"通讯革命对工作、休闲以及我们思考和感受时空的方式都产生了影响"，所以［C］是正确选项。
39.选［B］。本题要求区分形容词。所给四个选项的意思分别是［A］competitive竞争性的；［B］controversial有争议的，可能引起争论的；［C］distracting转移注意力的；［D］ irrational不理智的。从文章内容来看，只有［B］是修饰views(观点)的最佳选项。
40.选［C］。本题要求区分介词词义。空格前后的benefits和harmful outcomes(有害结果)是对立关系，四个选项中能够体现这种关系的介词只有［C］against.
第三部分：
41.选［C］。本题是一个概述性题目，不考查细节。文章的第一句指出，"要想在讲话的时候使用幽默让他人发笑，你必须要知道如何辨明听众共同的经历和问题。"第三句又指出"问题又因听众不同而不同"。综合这两句话的意思，即是［C］项表述的意思。［B］项是从具体的事例而来，不确切。［D］是对文章第一段第二句中"in sympathy with their point of view"的曲解，文章的意思是"赞同他们的观点"，而不是［D］项所表述的"同情你的听众"。［A］是一个强干扰项，意思是"利用不同种类的听众"。但从文章内容来看，要使幽默有效的方法不是"利用听众"，而是［C］所表达的"与不同的人谈不同的问题"。
42.选［B］。文章第二段的最后的两句为本题提供了线索，表明了护士对医生的看法，即［B］项表达的内容"医生对他们上帝般的角色有清醒的认识。"
43.选［D］。文章第三段的最后一句指出，"(与谈论食堂或主席相比)，如果你谈论象邮政服务或电话系统之类的替罪羊会更安全。"由此可推断出公共服务部门经常是资料，即［D］项表述的内容，其他三项都是对文章内容不确切的表达。
44.选［D］。文章第四段中的"natural， casual， off-the-cuff(临时的)relaxed, unforced manner"为本题提供了线索，表明［D］项"尽可能地随意"为正确选项。
45.选［A］。所给四个选项的意思是［A］有效地使用幽默策略。从整篇文章的内容来看，文章通过大量的具体实例说明有效地使用幽默的方法是对不同的人谈论不同的问题。［D］项是一个强干扰项，但文章给的幽默策略就一个，而不是几个不同的策略，所以［D］项是不确切的。
46.选［C］。文章的第一句为本题提供了线索。原文中的devised换成了正确选项中的invention，work that is dangerous， boring， burdensome， or just plain nasty=difficult and dangerous work。［D］项是强干扰项，elite是"精英"的意思，文章没有提及精英人士如何使用聪明的手段来做危险无聊的工作。其他二项［A］、［B］都是对文章内容错误的表达。
47.选［C］。文章第二段指出那种智能型gizmo的出现极大地减少了人类劳动，第二段又给出了具体的事例来说明这种gizmo的作用。可见这种gizmo不是人(专家)，也不是动物(creatures)，也不是程序(programs)，而是机器人，但机器人也属于"器械工具"的类别，即devices。
48.选［D］。首先要读懂题目。该题问的是：现在超出人类能力范围之内的工作是要设计一个机器人，它能……"。文章第三段最后一句是本题解题的关键。本句指出"我们现在不能让机器人具有足够的"常识"，从而使它们与变化的世界发生可靠的互动"。原句中reliably internet with a dynamic world换成了正确选项中的respond independently to a changing world.文章第二段指出有些机器人能够执行如脑部形科手术这样的细微任务，所以［A］项错误，［B］项"和人类进行语言互动"在文章中没有提及，［C］项中的a little错误。
49.选［B］。文章第三段第二句为本题提供了线索。机器人能够处理某个特定错误是我们告诉它们该如何做的，也就是human interventin(人类干预)的结果。［A］项是一个强干扰项，但第三段第一句的时态是将来时，表示一种没有实现的活动或设想，此句表明机器人还不能够自己做出决定，所以该项也是错误的。［C］、［D］两项是对文章内容错误的表述。
50.选［C］。文章最后一段的倒数第二句用了猴子的例子。使用该例是要说明"the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant(人脑能够扫视一个快速变化的场景，还能迅速忽略那些占总量98%的不相关的内容)换句话就是说机器人还没有这样的能力，因此把上述意思换成否定就是［C］项，就专注于相关信息而言，机器人比人脑差远了。
51.选［B］。题目问的是：最近油价上涨的主要原因是什么?文章第二句给出了答案，即supply cuts.［D］项是一个强干扰项。文章第二段第一句表明本周伊拉克暂缓石油出口又使油 价上涨，但需要考虑的是题目间的油价上涨向往主要原因，所以［D］项是不确切的。［A］、［C］两项的内容在文中没有提及。
52.选［D］。文章第三段第二句指出原油价格只是看油价格中的一小部分。第三句则以欧洲的例子说明税收高达石油零售价的五分之四。由此可以推断出［A］项"原油价格上升"是错误的，而［D］项"石油税上升"是正确的选项。［B］、［C］两项的文章中没有明确阐述。
53.选［D］。文章的内容第四段第五句中的数字0.25-0.5%表明在富裕国家石油价格的变化不会对GDP(国内生产总值)产生重大影响。解答此题时要先抓住题眼"Economic Outlook"这本杂志的名称，然后快速在文章中定位该题眼，仔细分析它所表述的意思。
54.选［A］。本题是推理性题目，所得出的结论肯定是没有在文中明确表述过的。从文章最后一段来看，石油价格的冲击不再那么令人震惊了，因为作者说"我们不能为石油价格的上涨而失眠的另一个原因是石油价格上涨没有发生在整体农产品价格膨胀和全球需求过度的环境下，这与20世纪70个代的石油涨价不同"。这句也表明［B］项"通货膨胀似乎和油价冲击无关"是错误的选项。［C］、［D］两项的内容在文章中没有表述。
55.选［A］。本题要求推断作者的语气和态度。文章最后一段是最明显的线索。另外第三段第一句也指出"Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s (但也有很好的理由盼望现在的经济后果会比二十世纪七十年代的情况乐观)第四段第一句也表明了对石油涨价后果持乐观态度的原因，因为"Rich economies are also less dependent on ill then they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price(富有经济体对石油的依赖性较以前有所下降，因而对石油价格变动的敏感度也降低。)
56.选［B］。文章第二段第一句是本题的解题线索。最高法院判决由医生帮助的自杀是不符合宪法的，因此病人和医生都没有权利采取这样的行动。［A］项是对文章第三段第一句内容的错误理解，本项中的used to do sth.表示"以前做过……"。［C］项与文章内容不符。［D］项suicied前没有定语修饰词physician-assisted，因而也是不确切的。
57.选［C］。文章第五段第一句是本题的线索，本句的大意是：高剂量的去痛药可由医生开处方。［A］项"如果医生冒险让病人死亡，他们就会被发现有罪"与原文内容不符。［B］项"现代医药帮助晚期病人无痛苦恢复"明显错误。［D］项"医生的用药不能由他的用意来决定"也是明显错误的。
58.选［B］。文章第七段最后一句是本题线索，表明了临终关怀的两个问题。一是under treatment of pain(对痛苦缺乏治疗)，二是无效的，强加的医疗程序延长甚至抵毁了死亡时间。［B］项中的inadequate treatment相当于under treatment。［A］项是强干扰项，意思是"拖长的医疗程序"，但原文指的是无效的医疗程度会拖长病人的死亡时间，而不是说这些医疗程度被拖长了。所以［A］项错误。
59.选［A］。文章第七段最后一句中的ineffectual和forced表明了aggressive的意思，即"无效的，强加于人的"。所给四个选项中只有［A］bold(大胆的，鲁莽的)意思与此意接近。其他三项都不符合。
60.选［D］。文章最后一段最后一句是本题的线索。Annals认为"医学证书委员会"必须声明病人痛苦死亡是由不合格的管理引起的，其结果是要暂停医生的执业执照"。所给四个选项中只有［D］项提及了病人不必要受的痛苦，为正确选项。
61.翻译难点
1)表语从句的主句是almost all of what is called behavioral science,可翻译为"所谓的行为科学。"
2)trace…to…意为"追溯……的根源"。
3)state of mind心态，traits of character性格特点(征)。
参考译文：困难之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎都依旧从心态、情感、性格、特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。
62.翻译难点
1)Partly because部分原因(由于)。原因状语从句在句末可采用"之所以……是因为……的翻译句式。
2)explanatory items解释依据(证据)。
参考译文：行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释一直很难找到。
63.翻译难点
1)两分句之间虽然由and连接，但意思上都是对比的，因此翻译成"然而"。
2)a litlle more仅仅
3)介词短语in edition(在进化中)，in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual(塑造和保持个体行为中)都翻译成状语。
4)formulate明确地表达，阐明参考译文：自然选择在进化中的作用仅仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。
64.翻译难点
1)They 指前一句中的freedom and dignity(自由和尊严)，可翻译出，也可翻成"它们"。
2)of traditional theory 翻成man的定语"传统理论中的自主人"。
3)practices(做法)，意义抽象，可活译。
参考译文：自由和尊严(它们)是传统理论中的自主人所拥有的财产，也是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并且因其业绩给予肯定时所必需的。
65.翻译难点
1)until引导从句，主句用肯定形式，可翻译成"如果……不……"。
2)it指研究行为的技术手段受排斥这件事。
3)and引导的是一个省略句，补充完整是with it possibly the only way to solved our problems will also continue to be rejected.
参考译文：(如果)这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的惟一方式也可能随之继续受到排斥。
第四部分 写作
Cultures--National and International
In this picture, there is an American girl in traditional Chinese costumes. Wearing typically Chinese head wears and a red-and-white-patterned blouse, the girl looks very beautiful with a sweet smile on her face.
The picture shows national cultures have no boundary and may be appreciated and shared by people from other cultural backgrounds. As can be seen from the picture, the traditional Chinese costume which the American girl has on suits her very well and the girl's smile indicates. She enjoys wearing this costume very much. As part of Chinese national culture, the costume's being accepted and appreciated by the girl mirrors how the national culture develops in this increasingly multicultural world where different cultures keep interacting with each other.
With the intensification of the globalization process, the interaction of different cultures has become an inexorable trend. For one thing, the worldwide economic globalization has enhanced exchanges between different cultures in such a way as the inflow and outflow of talents over national boundaries. For another, as a dynamic entity, the national culture itself has to go internationally-oriented in order to alive further development. To get internationally accepted and appeared, the national culture must uphold the best of its traditions and values and draw on the very good points of other cultures. Only in this way can the national culture remain an open process that is capable of further development.
(228words)
评注：文章严格遵守所给题纲，内容全面，（论点新颖）论述逻辑性强，句式灵活，语言精确。
1）第一段就图画的内容进行了细致的描述。第一句话用there be结构，第二句正确地运用了现在分词短语，句式得体。
2）第二段就图画的含义进行论述。第一句是本段的主题句，指出一国文化没有国界，可以被其他文化的人民欣赏和吸收。第二句as使用恰当，定语从句和宾语从名的使用的很灵活。
3）第三段就上述文化现象进行评论，给予两条原因，分别用for one thing和for another来引导，具有很强的逻辑性。另外，本段语言精炼。最后一句用一个倒装句巧妙地结束了全文。
2002年1月研究生入学考试听力
Part A
Margaret Welch was born in Philadelplia in 1901. She began her studies at Depore University in 1919, but after a year, she transferred to study at Barnard University, majoring in sociology. She received her undergraduate degree from Barnard in 1923. She automatically acquired a Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1929. She married Dr. Reel Fortune in 1928.Together they wrote Growing Up in New Guinea, published in 1930. Welch worked with her husband on another book, called Darlinea's Character that was published in 1942. At the age of 23, Dr. Welch undertook a field study in the South Pacific. The experience resulted in her writing of a highly popular book Coming of Age in Samovar, published in 1928. Dr. Welch's interests and writings centered on religions. She worked in the Department of Anthropology at the American Museum of Natural History from 1926 through to the end of her life. She was a professor of anthropology at Columbia, starting in the year of 1954 working with her odd associate Ruth Benedict. She wrote a book entitled An Anthropologist at Work about Benedict. It was published in 1959. Margaret welch died in 1978.
Part B
When I was getting divorced in 1975, reporters and cameramen were camped out for days in the lobby and on the sidewalk outside. They came from all over the country. Foreign reporters, too. It was terrible. My neighbors could barely get in and out of the building. One reporter, who had been a friend of mine, got up to my apartment after persuading the doorman into believing that he was there on a personal visit. I wouldn't let him in:"He just wanted to talk,"he said. I was certain that he had a camera and wanted a picture of me looking depressed. TV is the worst. TV reporters present themselves having the perfect right to be anywhere, to ask any question. It doesn't matter how personal the mather may be. People don't trust the press the way they used to. In most cases, stories are sensationalized in order to attract more public attention. Some papers present things that are simply not true. In many papers, if a correction has to be made, if it usually buried among advertisements. I received hundreds of letters from people asking me "How do you know what's true in the press these days?" I find it difficult to respond sometimes. I tell them that there are good newspapers and serious responsible and honest reporters. Don't judge all of us by the standards of the bad ones. Unless the guys are on the top, the editors and news directors take firm action, presuming no one is going to believe anything they read in the papers or see on television news.
Part C
Question 11-13
Next time you bring your kids in for a checkup, don't be surprised if the doctor asks about their tastes and entertainment. The American Academy of Medicine suggested last week that doctors work with parents to evaluate how much TV kids watch and what they see, what video and computer games they play, which website they visit on the internet, whether they play, website they visit on the Internet, whether they view R-rated videos with the company of their parents, what music they like and what books they read. Doctors are worried that kids who spend too much time in front of the tube don't get enough exercise and can become overweight. The Academy is also concerned that the message the kids get from entertainment media can make them more violent and sexually active. The Academy recommends that children under age two not watch any TV."Children need activities to stimulate the brain during the first two years of life", says Doctor Marien Barren, who chair the Academy's Committee on public education. "They need feedback and socialization. Older children," she says, "should watch TV in a common area. Their dedrooms should be electronic media free zones where they could have a quiet place to read, study, play or just relax.
Questions 14-16
If you are in your twenties, you own your first car, your career is more or less launched, and you are starting looking forward to owning a home, but you're worried, too. Perhaps you've got some debt. You probably don't have much in the way of savings. And without your expenses, it doesn't look like you will be able to improve the situation soon. If you wonder how to cut corners, there's an obvious place to look at your spending habits. Do you buy a soda each weekend? Waste one dollar a day for forty years and when you set to retire, you find your account short by one hundred and ninety thousand dollars. Grab the calculator and you discover that over forty years going out to dinner twice a month at forty dollars each time, a month to have a million. Even a pack-a-day cigarettes habit will lighter your retirement account by three hundred and thirty thousand dollars. And the some with cable TV. And those cool areas. They will probably amount to as much as one million. So, the first clue to accumulating wealth is this-focus on your spending habits. Here are a couple of tricks to help you save even if you swear you can't afford to. Start buying things that fall rather than rise in value, pay yourself first. Before you pay the monthly bills, send 25 dollars to a mutual fund. Stop spending coins. From now on, spend only paper currency and keep the change every day. Get your family involved, and you'll double your saving. Use discount tickets at the supermarket, but we them correctly, How? If you really want to make these tickets worth while, you actually must invest into your mutual fund the amount you save by using the ficklest. Otherwise, you're wasting your time and your money.
Questions 17-20
Interviewer: Mr. Glieberman, do you see any change in high rate of broken marriages?
Glieberman: The divorce rate is beginning to level off and probably will begin to drop in the next year or two, though not significantly. The tightened economy has made it more difficult for troubled couples to handle all their costs associated with setting up separate households. Also, I believe there is a comeback of thought after the turbulent 60s and 70s that the family does have valve. In the midst of change and family disintegration, people seem to have a greater desire now to create stability in their lives.
Interviewer: What is the divorce rate now?
Glieberman: About one in three marriages ends in divorce, a ratio far higher than it was twenty years ago when the philosophy was"we will sort it out no matter what." Society demands that for appearance's sake we stay together. Divorce no longer carries much disgrace. There is no way, for example, that Ronald Reagan, a divorced man, could have been elected president in 1960, And there are countless other divorced politicians who, years age, would have been voted out of office if they had even considered a divorce, let alone gotten one. The same was true in the corporate structure where divorced people rarely moved up the executive ladder. Now corporations welcome a divorced man because they can shift him around the country without worrying about relocating his family or making certain that they are happy.
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