| 模拟考场(一) Section ⅠUse of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The fitness movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s centered around aerobic exercise. Millions of individuals became 1 in a variety of aerobic activities, and 2 thousands of health spas 3 around the country to capitalize on his 4 interest in fitness, particularly aerobic dancing for females. A number of fitness spas existed 5 to this aerobic fitness movement, even a national chain with spas in most major cities. However, their 6 was not on aerobics, 7 on weighttraining programs designed to develop muscular mass, 8 , and endurance in their primarily male 9 . These fitness spas did not seem to benefit 10 from the aerobic fitness movement to better health, since medical opinion suggested that weighttraining programs 11 few, if 12, health benefits. In recent years, however, weight training has again become increasingly 13 for males and for females. Many 14 programs focus not only on developing muscular strength and endurance but on aerobic fitness as well. 15, most physical fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and endurance, not for health related reasons, but primarily 16 such fitness components have been related to 17 in athletics. 18, in recent years, evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health 19 as well. The American College of Sports Medicine now 20 that weight training be part of a total fitness program for healthy Americans. 1.[A] imposed engaged [C] confined [D] illustrated 2.[A] affluently eligibly [C] gorgeously [D] literally 3.[A] enhanced manifested [C] developed [D] established 4.[A] emerging hovering [C] intriguing [D] mingling 5.[A] prior entitled [C] liable [D] subjected 6.[A] action focus [C] cement [D] snap 7.[A] or or else [C] and [D] but rather 8.[A] strength nutrition [C] tolerance [D] ambition 9.[A] practitioners enthusiasts [C] referees [D] recipients 10.[A] financially particularly [C] legitimately [D] excessively 11.[A] presented offered [C] indicated [D] demonstrated 12.[A] something some [C] anything [D] any 13.[A] popular vigorous [C] intelligible [D] formidable 14.[A] current primitive [C] uneven [D] incredible 15.[A] Practically Eventually [C] Essentially [D] Historically 16.[A] because in only [C] although [D] now that 17.[A] performance harassment [C] identification [D] portrayal 18.[A] Moreover Therefore [C] However [D] Anyway 19.[A] advantages benefits [C] interests [D] profits 20.[A] recommends reassures [C] speculates [D] mediates |
Section ⅡReading Comprehension
Part A
Directions: Reading the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
Gene therapy and genebased drugs are two ways we could benefit from our growing mastery of genetic science. But there will be others as well. Here is one of the remarkable therapies on the cutting edge of genetic research that could make their way into mainstream medicine in the coming years.
While it’s true that just about every cell in the body has the instructions to make a complete human, most of those instructions are inactivated, and with good reason: the last thing you want for your brain cells is to start churning out stomach acid or your nose to turn into a kidney. The only time cells truly have the potential to turn into any and all body parts is very early in a pregnancy, when socalled stem cells haven’t begun to specialize.
Yet this untapped potential could be a terrific boon to medicine. Most diseases involve the death of healthy cells — brain cells in Alzheimer’s, cardiac cells in heart disease, pancreatic cells in diabetes, to name a few; if doctors could isolate stem cells, then direct their growth, they might be able to furnish patients with healthy replacement tissue.
It was incredibly difficult, but last fall scientists at the University of Wisconsin managed to isolate stem cells and get them to grow into neural, gut, muscle and bone cells. The process still can’t be controlled, and may have unforeseen limitations; but if efforts to understand and master stemcell development prove successful, doctors will have a therapeutic tool of incredible power.
The same applies to cloning, which is really just the other side of the coin; true cloning, as first shown with the sheep Dolly two years ago, involves taking a developed cell and reactivating the genome within, resetting its developmental instructions to a pristine state. Once that happens, the rejuvenated cell can develop into a fullfledged animal, genetically identical to its parent.
For agriculture, in which purely physical characteristics like milk production in a cow or low fat in a hog have real market value, biological carbon copies could become routine within a few years. This past year scientists have done for mice and cows what Ian Wilmut did for Dolly, and other creatures are bound to join the cloned menagerie in the coming year.
Human cloning, on the other hand, may be technically feasible but legally and emotionally more difficult. Still, one day it will happen. The ability to reset body cells to a pristine, undeveloped state could give doctors exactly the same advantages they would get from stem cells: the potential to make healthy body tissues of all sorts, and thus to cure disease. That could prove to be a true “miracle cure.”
21.The writer holds that the potential to make healthy body tissues will
[A] aggravate moral issues of human cloning.
bring great benefits to human beings.
[C] help scientists decode body instructions.
[D] involve employing surgical instruments.
22.The word “rejuvenated” (Para. 5) most probably means
[A] modified. re-collected. [C] classified. [D] reactivated.
23.The research at the University of Wisconsin is mentioned to show
[A] the isolation of stem cells. the effects of gene therapies.
[C] the advantages of human cloning. [D] the limitations of tissue replacements.
24.Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A] The principle of gene therapy is applicable to that of cloning.
The isolation of stem cells is too difficult to be feasible.
[C] It is reasonable for all body instructions to be activated.
[D] Cloned animals will eventually take control of the world.
25.Towards the genetic research, the author’s attitude can best be said to be that of
[A] Frustration. Indifference. [C] Amazement. [D] Opposition.
Text 2
What our society suffers from most today is the absence of consensus about what it and life in it ought to be; such consensus cannot be gained from society’s present stage, or from fantasies about what it ought to be. For that the present is too close and too diversified, and the future too uncertain, to make believable claims about it. A consensus in the present hence can be achieved only through a shared understanding of the past, as Homer’s epics informed those who lived centuries later what it meant to be Greek, and by what images and ideals they were to live their lives and organize their societies.
Most societies derive consensus from a long history, a language all their own, a common religion, common ancestry. The myths by which they live are based on all of these. But the United States is a country of immigrants, coming from a great variety of nations. Lately, it has been emphasized that an asocial, narcissistic personality has become characteristic of Americans, and that it is this type of personality that makes for the lack of wellbeing, because it prevents us from achieving consensus that would counteract a tendency to withdraw into private worlds. In this study of narcissism, Christopher Lash says that modern man, “tortured by selfconsciousness, turns to new therapies not to free himself of his personal worries but to find meaning and purpose in life, to find something to live for”. There is widespread distress because national morale has declined, and we have lost an earlier sense of national vision and purpose.
Contrary to rigid religions or political beliefs, as are found in totalitarian societies, our culture is one of the great individual differences, at least in principle and in theory; but this leads to disunity, even chaos. Americans believe in the value of diversity, but just because our is a society based on individual diversity, it needs consensus about some dominating ideas more than societies based on uniform origin of their citizens. Hence, if we are to have consensus, it must be based on a myth — a vision about a common experience, a conquest that made us Americans, as the myth about the conquest of Troy formed the Greeks. Only a common myth can offer relief from the fear that life is without meaning or purpose. Myths permit us to examine our place in the world by comparing it to a shared idea. Myths are shared fantasies that form the tie that binds the individual to other members of his group. Such myths help to ward off feelings of isolations, guilt, anxiety, and purposelessness — in short, they combat isolation and the breakdown of social standards and values.
26.In the eyes of the author, the greatest trouble with the US society may lie in
[A] the nonexistence of consensus on the forms of the society should take.
the lack of divergence over the common organizations of social life.
[C] the nonacceptance of a society based on individual diversity.
[D] the pervasive distress caused by national morale decline.
27.The asocial personality of Americans may stem from
[A] the absence of a common religion and ancestry.
the multiracial constituents of the US society.
[C] the want of a shared myths they possess in life.
[D] the counterbalance to narcissistic personality.
28.Homer’s epics is mentioned in Paragraph 1 in order to
[A] exemplify the contributions made by ancient poets.
illustrate the role of shared fantasies about society.
[C] show an ideal stage of eternal social progress.
[D] make known myths of what a society ought to be.
29.The author concludes that only shared myths can help Americans
[A] to bring about the uniformity of their culture.
to regain their consensus about a common experience.
[C] to stay away from negative feelings in their life.
[D] to counteract the effects of consensus about society.
30.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that Christopher Lash is most probably
[A] a reform advocate. a senior psychologist.
[C] a reputed poet.[D] a social historian.
Text 3
The early retirement of experienced workers is seriously harming the U.S. economy, according to a new report from the Hudson Institute, a public policy research organization. Currently, many older experienced workers retire at an early age. According to the recently issued statistics, 79 percent of qualified workers begin collecting retirement benefits at age 62; if that trend continues, there will be a labor shortage that will hinder the economic growth in the twenty-first century.
Older Americans constitute an increasing proportion of the population, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, and the population of those over age 65 will grow by 60% between 2001 and 2020. During the same period, the group aged 18 to 44 will increase by only 4%. Keeping older skilled workers employed, even part time, would increase U.S. economic output and strengthen the tax base; but without significant policy reforms, massive early retirement among baby boomers seems more likely.
Retirement at age 62 is an economically rational decision today. Social Security and Medicaid earnings limits and tax penalties subject our most experienced workers to marginal tax rates as high as 67%. Social Security formulas encourage early retirement. Although incomes usually rise with additional years of work, any pay increases after the 35-year mark result in higher social Security taxes but only small increases in benefits.
Hudson Institute researchers believe that federal tax and benefit policies are at fault and reforms are urgently needed, but they disagree with the popular proposal that much older Americans will have to work because Social Security will not support them and that baby boomers are not saving enough for retirement. According to the increase in 401 (k) and Keogh retirement plans, the ongoing stock market on Wall Street, and the likelihood of large inheritances, there is evidence that baby boomers will reach age 65 with greater financial assets than previous generations.
The Hudson institute advocates reforming government policies that now discourage work and savings, especially for older worker. Among the report’s recommendations: Tax half of all Social Security benefits, regardless of other income; provide 8% larger benefits for each year beyond 65; and permit workers nearing retirement to negotiate compensation packages that may include a lower salary but with greater healthcare benefits. However, it may take real and fruitful planning to find the right solution to the early retirement of older experienced workers; any measures taken must be allowed to prolong the serviceability of older experienced workers.
31.According to Hudson Institute researchers, the effect of the early retirement of qualified workers in the U.S. economy is
[A] constructive. significant. [C] inconclusive. [D] detrimental.
32.The older experienced workers in America tend to retire early because their prolonged service may
[A] do harm to younger generations. end up with few or no benefits.
[C] give play to their potentials. [D] shed light on social trends.
33.The second paragraph is written chiefly to show that
[A] there will be an acute labor shortage in the near future.
baby-boomers contribute much to the US economic output.
[C] government policies concerning older people are out-dated.
[D] older workers are enthusiastic about collecting social benefits.
34.When mentioning “the ongoing stock market on Wall Street”, the writer
[A] is calling attention to the privileges to which baby-boomers are entitled.
is calling for the government to take countermeasures against labor shortage.
[C] is refuting a notion about experienced workers’ early retirement.
[D] is justifying the ineffectiveness of federal tax and benefit policies.
35.Towards the issue, what the writer is most concerned about will be
[A] to advocate radically reforming government policies.
to take into account the benefits upon retirement.
[C] to put in practice what Hudson researchers believe in.
[D] to prolong the practicability of older experienced employees.
Text 4
The history of responses to the work of the artist Sandro Botticelli (1444—1510) suggests that widespread appreciation by critics is a relatively recent phenomenon. Writing in 1550, Vasari expressed an unease with Botticelli’s work, admitting that the artist fitted awkwardly into his evolutionary scheme of the history of art. Over the next two centuries, academic art historians defamed Botticelli in favor of his fellows Florentine, Michelangelo. Even when antiacademic art historians of the early nineteenth century rejected many of the standards of evaluation adopted by their predecessors, Botticelli’s work remained outside of accepted taste, pleasing neither amateur observers nor connoisseurs. (Many of his best paintings, however, remained hidden away in obscure churches and private homes.)
The primary reason for Botticelli’s unpopularity is not difficult to understand: most observers, up until the mid-nineteenth century, did not consider him to be noteworthy, because his work, for the most part, did not seem to these observers to exhibit the traditional characteristics of fifteenth-century Florentine art. For example, Botticelli rarely employed the technique of strict perspective and, unlike Michelangelo, never used chiaroscuro.
Another reason for Botticelli’s unpopularity may have been that his attitude toward the style of classical art was very different from that of his contemporaries. Although he was thoroughly exposed to classical art, he showed little interest in borrowing from the classical style. Indeed, it is paradoxical that a painter of large-scale classical subjects adopted a style that was only slightly similar to that of classical art.
In any case, when viewers began to examine more closely the relationship of Botticelli’s work to the tradition of fifteenthcentury Florentine art, his reputation began to grow. Analyses and assessments of Botticelli made between 1850 and 1870 by the artists of the Pre-Raphaelite movement, as well as by the writer Pater (although he, unfortunately, based his assessment on an incorrect analysis of Botticelli’s personality), inspired a new appreciation of Botticelli throughout the English-speaking world. Yet Botticelli’s work, especially the Sistine frescoes, did not generate worldwide attention until it was finally subjected to a comprehensive and scrupulous analysis by Home in 1908. Home rightly demonstrated that the frescoes shared important features with paintings by other fifteenth-century Florentines — features such as skillful representation of anatomical proportions, and of the human figure in motion. However, Home argued that Botticelli did not treat these qualities as ends in themselves — rather, that he emphasized clear depletion of a story, a unique achievement and one that made the traditional Florentine qualities less central. Because of Home’s emphasis crucial to any study of art, the twentieth century has come to appreciate Botticelli’s achievements.
36.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] The Role of Standard Art Analyses and Appraisals.
Sandro Botticelli: From Rejection to Appreciation.
[C] The History of Critics’ Responses to Art Works.
[D] Botticelli and Florentine: A Comparative Study.
37.We can learn from the text that art critics have a history of
[A] suppressing painters’ art initiatives. favoring a Botticelli’s best paintings.
[C] rejecting traditional art characteristics.[D] undervaluing Botticelli’s achievements.
38.The views of Vasari and Home on Botticelli’s products are
[A] identical. complementary. [C] opposite. [D] similar.
39.The word “connoisseurs” (Paragraph 1) most probably means
[A] representatives in the Pre-Raphaelite Movement.
people who are in favor of Florentine.
[C] critics who are likely to make assessments.
[D] conservatives clinging to classical art.
40.What does the author think of Botticelli’s representation skills?
[A] They are to be fully appreciated. They evolve from an uncertain source.
[C] They underlie his personality.[D] They conform to the classical style.
Part B
本部分内容请参见 Part B(一)
Part C
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
All U.S. nuclear weapons production facilities are presently closed down, and if the various agreements are adhered to, those facilities will never be required except for one critical capability. All modern nuclear weapons use uranium (铀), plutonium(钚), and tritium(氚). Uranium and plutonium have very long half-lives, and there is large surplus of these materials.
Tritium, however, has a relatively short half-life of about 12.6 years, so about 5 percent of the amount on hand must be replaced each year to maintain the current inventory. (46) Because of the large retirement of nuclear weapons by the United States in compliance with early agreements and national policy, tritium from retired weapons has been used to make up that lost through natural decay. (47) However, in about 10 to 15 years, depending on future negotiations, the United States will need a guaranteed supply of tritium to maintain its stockpile at whatever level is agreed on.
In anticipation of this future need to produce tritium, Defense Office Executive is pursuing two technologies. One uses a nuclear reactor that could also produce electricity whose sale would recover not only the capital cost of the reactor but also its annual operational cost. (48) Unfortunately, the present Administration has a definite bias against nuclear power, so an alternative method is also being pursued even though it is agreed that it will cost twice as much as a reactor and use as much electricity as a reactor would produce. This technology uses an accelerator to produce high-energy protons that in turn produce neutrons.
The main argument for the accelerator is that it produces no conventional nuclear wastes. (49) Proponents readily admit that it will produce radioactive materials, but with a relatively short halflife compared with that of wastes from spent nuclear fuel. The fact that the accelerator will require the equivalent of a nuclear power plant to supply its electricity is ignored.
(50) Proponents also neglect to mention that about 22 percent of all electrical energy generated in the United States comes from nuclear power plants, so that 22 percent of the power used by the accelerator will generate conventional nuclear wastes, in addition to those the accelerator produces. There is an alternative to either the reactor or the accelerator, which is simply to buy the required tritium from Canada or Russia.
| Section Ⅲ Writing Part A 51. Direction:You have bought a brand-new computer in a store. But much to your disappointment, it could not be properly operated when you got it back. Write a letter to the manager, 1) giving complaints, 2) describing the problems, 3) and asking for some compensations. Part B 52. Direction: A cry for Nature Conservation A. Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in no less than 200 words. B. Your essay must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. C. Your essay should meet the requirements below: 1) describe the cartoon 2) interpret the message conveyed in the picture 3) and give your suggestions to remedy the situation Part B (一) Sample One Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Many of the philosophers we have been reading in class seem to me to be hopelessly dated. Of course, it’s easy to become trapped in writing only for the period a person lives in, and a philosophy is necessarily dependent on the historical situation and the extent of man’s knowledge. (41). However, Victor Hugo said that if he were writing for his own time only, he would have to break his pen and throw it away. (42) . And it seems to me that the most frequent objections to modern and premodern philosophers come from the incompatibility of their philosophies with what is considered to be established scientific fact. For instance, Plato’s theory of forms does not, to me, seem to jibe with modern physics and cosmology. And although I can only vaguely glimpse the psychology which underlies Kant, it seems to be highly questionable. (43) . (44) . History is, of course, necessary to any understanding of a philosophy: how it came about, what people did with it, etc. Sartre, although he developed some of his ideas from Nietzsche and Kierkegaard, probably could not have expounded those same ideas of existentialism in their times; Nietzsche, who popularized the idea that “God is dead”, could not have written in the time of Descartes; and Descartes could not have expressed his radically individualist ideas during the time of Plato. I suppose that my point, which I am being exceedingly longwinded about, is that philosophy does not (and should not, and must not) stand apart from the rest of the sciences. (45) . Although the other sciences can provide us with data, observations, and theories, only philosophy can integrate those into a coherent whole, tell us what to do with them, or provide a meaningful context for using these facts in our daily lives. [A] In my view, application of Kant’s epistemology and metaphysics could never produce an artificial intelligence capable of passing a Turing test. Rather, philosophy should be integrated with the rest of the sciences through a method of rational judgment. Rather than sailing behind, or next to but away from, the rest of the sciences, Philosophy should be the flagship of the group. [C] And many of the philosophers who have existed over the course of the centuries have necessarily had to worry about governmental, church, or societal disapproval, censorship, or punishment. [D] After all, physics can give us insights into metaphysics, since both seek different ways to do the same thing; psychology, sociology, anthropology, and archeology can give us insights into epistemology; various “soft” sciences dealing with comparative cultures can provide food for thought in ethnics, and so on. [E] Although some philosophical people are not necessarily considered as philosophers today，whose work was influential and instrumental in developing one of the social sciences ( psychology, sociology, political science, education) or in advancing theoretical science (what is now called philosophy of science). [F] And so, it seems to me, the best way that a philosopher can keep from being dated is to be aware of scientific knowledge, and integrate it into philosophy. Of course, this necessitates an independent evaluation of the merits and drawbacks of a given scientific idea, which necessitates, in turn, a thorough knowledge of that theory. [G] And so, it seems to me that, in order for a philosopher to be relevant for the future as well as the present, he must take into account all of the objections to his philosophy which can be anticipated at the present time. |
Sample Two
Directions:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
[A] Is that what the American viewing public is getting? Perhaps 10% of primetime network programming is a happy combination of entertainment and enrichment. There used to be television movies rich in human values, but they have now become an endangered species. I find television too much concerned with what people have and too little concerned with who they are, very concerned with taking care of No. 1 and not at all concerned with sharing themselves with other people. All too often it tells us the half truth we want to hear rather than the whole truth we need to hear.
Why is television not more fully realizing its humanizing potential? Is the creative community at fault? Partially. But not primarily. I have lived and worked in that community for 32 years, as both priest and producer. As a group, these people have values. In fact, in Hollywood in recent months, audience enrichment has become the in thing. A coalition of media companies has endowed the Humanitas Prize so that it can recognize and celebrate those who accomplish it.
[C] Every good story will not only captivate its viewers but also give them some insight into what it means to be a human being. By so doing, it can help them grow into the deeply centered, sovereignly free, joyously loving human being God made them to be. Meaning, freedom and lovethe supreme human values. And this is the kind of human enrichment the American viewing public has a right to expect from those who make its entertainment.
[D] The problem with American TV is not the lack of storytellers of conscience but the commercial system within which they have to operate. Television in the U.S. is a business. In the past, the business side has been balanced by a commitment to public service. But in recent years the fragmentation of the mass audience, huge interest payments and skyrocketing production costs have combined with the FCC’s abdication of its responsibility to protect the common good to produce an almost total preoccupation with the bottom line. The networks are struggling to survive. And that, the statistics seem to indicate, is mindless, heartless, escapist fare. If we are dissatisfied with the moral content of what we are invited to watch, I think we should begin by examining our own consciences. When we tune in, are we ready to plunge into reality, so as to extract its meaning, or are we hoping to escape into a sedated world of illusion? And if church leaders want to elevate the quality of the country’s entertainment, they should forget about boycotts, production codes and censorship. They should work at educating their people in media literacy and at mobilizing them to support quality shows in huge numbers.
[E] It is not a question of entertainment or enrichment. These are complementary concerns and presuppose each other. The story that entertains without enriching is superficial and escapist. The story that enriches without entertaining is simply dull. The story that does both is a delight.
[F] That is the only sure way to improve the moral content of America’s entertainment.
[G] Despite questions of the motivation behind them, the attacks by the President and the Vice President on the moral content of television entertainment have found an echo in the chambers of the American soul. Many who reject the messengers still accept the message. They do not like the moral tone of American TV. In our society only the human family surpasses television in its capacity to communicate values, provide role models, form consciences and motivate human behavior. Few educator, church leaders or politicians possess the moral influence of those who create the nation’s entertainment.
Order:
G 41 42 43 44 45 F
Sample Three
Direction:You are going to read a text about New Rules for Landing a Job, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
When Nick A. Corcodilos started out in the headhunting business 20 years ago, he had a keen eye for tracking talent. From his base in Silicon Valley he would send all-star performers to blue-chip companies like Xerox, IBM and General Electric. But while he would succeed in his part of the hunt, the job-seekers he located would often fail in theirs. They were striking out before, during or after the interview.
So instead of simply accounting for talent, Corcodilos began advising job candidates as well. He helped improve their success ratio by teaching them to pursue fewer companies, make the right contacts and deliver what companies are looking for in an interview. In his myth-busting book, Ask the Headhunter (Plume, 1997), Corcodilos has reinvented the rules of the job search, from preparation to interview techniques. Here are his six new principles for successful job hunting:
(41) Your resume is meaningless.
Headhunters know a resume rarely gets you inside a company. All it does is outline your past-largely irrelevant since it doesn’t demonstrate that you can do the work the hiring manager needs done.
(42) Don’t get lost in HR.
Headhunters try to get around the humanresources department whenever possible.
(43) The real matchmaking takes place before the interview.
A headhunter sends a candidate into an interview only if he or she is clearly qualified for the position. In your own job hunt, make the same effort to ensure a good fit. Know the parameters of the job when you walk into the interview. Research the company, finding out about its culture, goals, competitors.
Remember, the employer wants to hire you.
“A company holds interviews so it can find the best person for the job,” Corcodilos says. The manager will be ecstatic if that person turns out to be youbecause then he or she can stop interviewing and get back to work.
(44) Pretend the interview is your first day at work.
Most people treat an interview as if it were an interrogation. The employer asks questions, and the candidate gives answers. Headhunters go out of their way to avoid that scenario.
(45) Got an offer? Interview the company.
When an employer makes an offer, he does more than deliver a title and a compensation packagehe also cedes part of his control over the hiring process.
Once you get that offer, “You have the power,” says Corcodilos, to decide whether, and on what terms, you want to hire that company.
[A] Consider how Corcodilos coached Gerry Zagorski of Edison, N.J., who was pursuing an opening at AT & T. Zagorski walked over to the vice president’s marker board and outlined the company’s challenges and the steps he would take to increase its profits. Fifteen minutes later, as Zagorski wrote down his estimate of what he would add to the bottom line, he looked up at his interviewer.
One of the best ways to learn about a company is to talk to people who work there. Kenton Green of Ann Arbor, Mich., used this technique while completing a doctoral program in electrical engineering and optics at the University of Rochester: “I would find an article published by someone in my field who worked at a company I was interested in. Then I’d call that person and ask to talk, mention my employability and discuss the company’s needs. One of two things happened: I’d either get an interview or learn we weren’t a good match after all.”
[C] “Most HR departments create an infrastructure that primarily involves processing paper,” Corcodilos says. “They package, organize, file and sort you. Then, if you haven’t gotten lost in the shuffle, they might pass you on to a manager who actually knows what the work is all about. While the typical candidate is waiting to be interviewed by HR, the headhunter is on the phone, using a back channel to get to the hiring manager.”
[D] “At the outset of the interview, the employer controls the offer and the power that comes with it,” Corcodilos says. “But upon making an offer, he transfers that power to the candidate. This is a power few people in that situation realize they have. It’s the time for you to explore changing the offer to suit your goals and fully interview the company.”
[E] “The guy’s jaw was on the floor,” Corcodilos says. “He told Zagorski that finishing the interview wouldn’t be necessary. Instead, the VP brought in the rest of his team, and the meeting lasted for two hours.”
[F] “A resume leaves it up to employers to figure out how you can help their organization,” Corcodilos says. “That’s no way to sell yourself.”
Sample Four
Directions:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about Backlogs of History. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
[A] Passion for personal and familial archival collection.
Reception of a hospital delivery bill.
[C] Overabundance of trivial personal documents.
[D] Explosion of public documents.
[E] It is imperative to put archival policies into perspective.
[F] What tactics should be adopted in document-saving?
One morning a few years ago an envelope arrived from my parents containing the bill from New Rochelle Hospital for my delivery, in 1952. The contents of a basement or attic were being culled, and the bill had turned up in one of the many cardboard reliquaries that have long lent a kind of ballast to my childhood home. The hospital’s total charge for a five-day stay including drugs and phone calls, came to $187.86. I was amazed at the cost, to be sure. But I was also struck by something else: that among all those decades’ worth of family documents my parents had looked through, the delivery bill was the only thing they thought of sufficient interest to pass along.
41
At some point most of us realize that having a personal archival strategy is an inescapable aspect of modern life: one has to draw the line somewhere. What should the policy be toward children’s drawings and report cards? Toward personal letters and magazine clippings? People work out answers to such questions, usually erring, I suspect, on the side of overaccrual of rubbish documents. Almost everyone seems to save — or “curate,” as archaeologist says — issues of National Geographic. That is why in garbage landfills copies of that magazine are rarely found in isolation; rather, they are found in herds, when an entire collection has been discarded after an owner has died or moved.
42
I happen to be an admirer of the archiving impulse and an inveterate archivist at the household level. Though not quite one of those people whom public-health authorities seem to run across every few years, with a house in which neatly bundled stacks of newspaper occupy all but narrow aisles, I do tend to save almost everything that is personal and familial, and even to supplement this private hoard with oddities of a more public nature — a calling card of Thomas Nast’s, for instance, and Kim Philby copy of the Joy of Cooking.
43
I cannot help wondering, though, whether as a nation we are compiling archives at a rate that will exceed anyone’s ability ever to make sense of them. A number of observers have cited the problem of “information overload” as if it were a recent development, largely the consequence of computers. In truth, the archive backlog has been a problem for millennia. Historians obviously have problems when information is scarce, but it’s not hard to see a very different problem emerging as source material becomes spectacularly overabundant.
44
Leave aside the task of assessing an entire epoch and consider what is required in purely physical terms to preserve even a single prominent person’s lifetime documentary output. Benjamin Disraeli’s correspondence survived down to the level of what today would be an Email message: “My darling, I shall be home for dinner at 1/2 pt 7. In haste, Your, Dis.” Woodrow Wilson left so much behind that the historian Arthur S. Link spent his entire career at Princeton University annotating and publishing Wilson’s personal papers, in sixtynine volumes.
45
Is it preposterous to begin thinking of some of our archives as the new tels? Tels are the mounds that layer upon layer of former cities make; they are everywhere in the Middle East, harboring the archaeological record of thousands of years of human history. But there are too many of them for more than a few ever to be excavated systematically and understanding what’s in even those few takes decades if not centuries.
Don’t get me wrong: I am not proposing that we discard any thing at all. One rarely knows in advance what will turn out to be of interest or importance and what should have gone directly into the oubliette. It is always delightful when something is discovered. But information does have its natural predators, and it may be that sometimes natural processes work out for the best.
| 模拟考场(一) 答案解析及参考译文 Section ⅠUse of English 篇章导读 本题属于时间叙事的文章。文章主题(Thesis Statement)是：“the fitness movement 健康运动”，作者从“aerobic exercise有氧运动，fitness spas健康温泉， weighttraining programs减肥训练程序，physicalfitness tests健康体能测试”等方面展开。解读时注意作者所持有的客观态度。 思路解析 1 【答案】 【解析】“engage in 热忠于；沉迷于”。根据文章的一致性，上文提到的“centered around 围绕着”，即：“20世纪60年代末70年代初健康运动是围绕着有氧运动开始的”，所以“数百万的人就热忠于各种各样的有氧运动”，“engaged”与“centered around”形成一致。而选项[A]“impose in 把……强加给”，[C]“confine to/within 局限于”， [D]“举例说明”均不符合题意。 2 【答案】[D] 【解析】“事实上；实际上”。根据原文意思：“……而实际上，上千的保健温泉发展起来了，……”所以选择“literally”。而选项[A]“丰富地；富足地；富裕地”，“合适地；合格地；理想地”，[C]“华丽地；壮丽地；美妙地”均不符合原文意思。 3 【答案】[C] 【解析】“发展”。“developed”指事物在一段时期内“成长、发育、发展”，朝成熟、扩大、提高的方向前进，可以是自然界中的生长发育过程，也可以是人类社会中的发展、进步过程体现的发展速度很快，并暗示有某个固定目标存在。本文是按时间顺序叙事的，“develop”有“在一段时期内发展”的意思，所以选择“develop”。而选项[A]“提高，增强”，“表明，证明，显示”，[D]establish是正式用词，常表示永久地“建立”起来，强调稳固而持久，涉及对象可以是具体和抽象事物(比如政府、医院、学校、形象、名望等)，均不符合题意。 4 【答案】[A] 【解析】“出现的”。根据文章一致性原则，“emerging”与第一句中提到的“the fitness movement that began in...”中的“began”形成呼应。而选项“翱翔的；盘旋的；徘徊的；犹豫的”，[C]“阴谋的，密谋的，谋划的”，[D]“混合的；相混的；相交往的，相往来的”均不符合题意。 5 【答案】[A] 【解析】“prior to在……之前”。本题考查词组搭配。“prior”用于表示时间，而选项“entitle to给……权利，给……资格”，[C]“liable for有责任的，有义务的；liable to + inf. 有……倾向的，易于……的”，[D]“be subjected to 受……约束的,从属于(=be subordinate to)”均不符合题意。 6 【答案】 【解析】“focus on聚集；集中”。根据文章一致性原则，“focus”与原文第一句中的“centered around”形成一致。而选项[A]“action on 作用”，[C]“in cement <美口>坚定不移的，不妥协的”，[D]“snap out of 迅速从……中恢复过来；snap up 抢购；抢先弄到手”均不符合题意。 7 【答案】[D] 【解析】“but rather(表示转折)(不是)……而是”。根据上下文逻辑，上句“focus was not on...”，下句接着转折说明“but rather on...”。而选项[A]“或是”，“否则；要不然”，[C]“和；而且”是本题的干扰，不符合题意。 8 【答案】[A] 【解析】“力气；力量”。根据文章主题“fitness movement”，“strength”只是健康运动的其中一项，是“fitness movement”的下义词，而且与下文的“muscular strength”形成一致。而选项“营养；食物”，[C]“容忍；宽容”，[D]“野心；抱负”是本题的干扰，不符合题意。 9 【答案】 【解析】“狂热者；热爱者”。根据文章一致性原则，“enthusiast”与上文的“interest in fitness”形成一致性。而选项[A]“开业者；从事者”，[C]“裁判员”，[D]“接受者；领受者”不与“interest in fitness”形成呼应，不符合题意。 10【答案】[A] 【解析】“经济上；财政上”。根据文章一致性原则，“benefit financially”与“capitalize变成资本；做资本用”形成呼应。而选项“特别地；尤其”，[C]“正当地；合理地；合法地”，[D]“过多地；过激地”均不形成呼应，不符合题意。 11【答案】 【解析】“提供；供给”。根据原文意思：“……直到从医学的观点看，减肥训练项目不能或者只能给(培训者)带来一点健康。”而且根据文章一致性原则，“offer”与下文的“might also offer”形成一致性，所以选择“offer”。而选项[A]“赠送；授予；呈献；向……提出”[C]“显示；指示；象征，预示”，[D]“证明”均不符合题意。 12【答案】[D] 【解析】“any”。原文是if引导的条件句，“any”用于条件句中，表示“一点，若干，一些”，与原文意思一致。而选项[A][C]是本题的干扰，不符合题意。 13【答案】[A] 【解析】“流行”。根据文章主题一致性原则，“popular”与“the fitness movement that began in ...”构成重复，上文讲到“健康运动以有氧练习为中心，开始于60年代末70年代初”，下文又提到“(健康运动中的)减肥训练又再次在男性和女性中流行起来……”，所以选择“popular”。而选项“体力旺盛的；精力充沛的；充满活力的；意气风发的”，[C]“可理解的，明白易懂的，清楚的，清晰的”，[D]“可怕的，令人畏惧的”是本题的干扰，均不符合题意。 14【答案】[A] 【解析】“现在的；现今流行的”。“current”是表示时间的词，意为“现在的；现今流行的”。作者按照时间来叙述健康运动的发展，以前健康运动只是集中于减肥运动，而“许多现在的(健康运动)项目不但集中于肌肉的力量和承受力上，而且集中于有氧健康(运动)上。”所以选择“current”。而选项“原始的；初期的”，[C]“不平均的；不平坦的；不相等的”，[D]“惊奇的；令人惊讶的；难以置信的”均不符合原文意思。 15【答案】[D] 【解析】“历史地；过去地”。根据全文的时间性以及本段的上下文，下文提到“in recent years”，根据时间上的对比，上文讲的应该是健康运动的“historically过去”。而选项[A]“实际上”，“最后；终于；结果”，[C]“实质上；本质上”均不与“in recent years”形成对比，不符合题意。 16【答案】[A] 【解析】“因为”。本题考查句型的结构。“because”与前句中的“for(因为)healthrelated reason”形成一种平行结构。而选项“if only(表示对某种希望的表达)要是……就好了”，[C]“although虽然”，[D]“now that既然”均不构成平行结构，不符合题意。 17【答案】[A] 【解析】“表演；展现”。本题考查词语辨析。根据原文意思：“……，而是因为这种健康运动的对手与体育运动的表现有关。”所以选择“performance”。而选项“困扰；烦恼；忧虑”，[C]“识别；鉴别；证明”，[D]“描绘；记述”均不符合原文意思。 18【答案】[C] 【解析】“但是；然而”。根据上下文，上文讲的是“historically过去”，接下来讲的是“in resent years现在”是与过去的对比，它们之间用表示转折的连词连接，即“However”。而选项[A]“而且；此外”，“因此”，[D]“不管怎样”均不符合题意。 19【答案】 【解析】“利益；好处”。本题考查近义词辨析。根据文章一致性原则，“benefits”与上文提到的“if any, health benefits”形成一致性。而选项[A]“优点；优势”，[C]“(经济上的)利益；股份；利息”，[D]“(经济上的)利润；益处；利益”均不构成文章一致性，不符合题意。 20【答案】[A] 【解析】“建议；推荐”。“recommend”在表示“建议”时，含有对所建议的内容加以“推荐”的意思。根据原文意思：“美国医药运动大学建议：‘减肥运动是健康运动项目的一部分，它是一种能使美国人健康的运动。’” 而选项“保证，担保，保证获得”，[C]“speculate about/on推测，推断；投机”，[D]“mediate in/between 调解，斡旋”均不符合原文意思。 |
Section ⅡReading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1
篇章导读
本文属于一般——特殊型文章。本文谈论的中心为基因治疗法以及基因科学研究的最新动向。文章开宗明义地阐述了基因治疗以及以基因为基础的药物对整个人类具有一定的benefits(好处)，之后在2、3、4三个自然段分别阐述了采用干细胞的一种分裂对医药过程所产生的很好影响，随后在5、6、7段从另外一个基因科学研究的方式——克隆，阐述了基因研究对人类研究的极大好处。作者对于基因发展的前景使用了一种极为乐观的语气。文章关键词为“gene therapy”、“benefits”、“genetic science”、“genetic research”、“medicine”、“instructions”、“stem cells”和“cloning”
思路解析
21【答案】
【解析】题干问：“作者认为制造健康的身体组织的这种潜能将会……”。文章开宗明义，在第1自然段讲述到，如果我们掌握了基因的科学，将会对人类有极大的好处，此外第3自然段的第一句“然而这种没被开发的潜能对医学有极大的好处”，以及全文的最后一句都呼应了这一观点，因此“给人类带来极大的好处”为正确选项。而选项[A]“加重了人类克隆的道德问题”，选项[C]“帮助科学家们解码身体指令”和选项[D]“涉及到使用外科仪器”都是与题干不相关的。
22【答案】[D]
【解析】题干问：“‘rejuvenated’这个词大概的意思是……”。此题考察的是对词汇意义的推测能力。出处在第5自然段，“rejuvenated”和本段前一句的“reactivating”构成一种近义的重复，因此选项[D]“reactivated”为正确选项。而选项[A]“改变”，选项“重新收集”和选项[C]“分类”都无法符和上下文的语境含义。
23【答案】[A]
【解析】题干问：“本文提到威斯康星州大学的研究是为了阐述……”。此题为段间归纳题。第4自然段在提到这所大学的研究时，作者表明研究是困难的，尽管过程不能控制，也有一些局限，但他们仍然还是在进行研究。此外第3、4段的话题为干细胞的一种分离或分裂过程。因此[A]“干细胞的分离”为正确选项。而选项“基因疗法的影响”，选项[C]“人类克隆的好处”和选项[D]“组织植换的局限性”都不是这所大学研究所讲述的目的。
24【答案】[A]
【解析】题干问：“根据本文，下面哪项陈述是正确的？”我们可以直接从2、3、4以及5、6、7这两个文章的层面说明，其实基因治疗的原理和克隆的原理两者完全是可以通用的，具体的解题点在于文章的第5自然段“the same applies to cloning”，因此[A]“基因治疗的原理适用于克隆”为正确选项。选项“干细胞的分离太难而不可能实施”，这和文章的第4自然段相矛盾，文章说它的确可以实施，尽管无法控制。选项[C]“所有的身体指令都激活，这是相当有道理的”，显然这是对原文第2自然段含义的曲解，作者说不能把所有的身体干细胞都激活，而且这是很有道理的。选项[D]“克隆动物将最终控制世界”，尽管原文讲到有大量克隆动物存在，但并没有提到这样的观点。
25【答案】[C]
【解析】题干问：“对于基因研究，作者的态度最可能是……”。这是一个关于作者的综合态度的分析题，正确选项为 [C]“惊异”。而选项[A]“沮丧”，作者尽管提到有困难，但科学家们正在谈论克服困难而且非常努力。选项“冷漠的”和选项[D]“反对的”都与文章的题意不相符合。
参考译文
基因治疗和以基因为基础的药物是我们能够从不断增长的遗传科学知识中获得利益的两种方式。但是，也会有其他方式。这里所说的就是遗传研究明显优势的一种不寻常疗法——未来几年，这些疗法会发展成为主流医学。
虽然人体内的几乎每个细胞都具有发育成一个完整人体的指令，这是事实。但是大多数指令并未激活，理由十分充分：你最不希望的事情就是你的脑细胞开始分泌胃酸，或是你的鼻子发育成肾脏。细胞真正有可能发育成身体的任何或所有器官的惟一时刻就是怀孕的早期，那时所谓的干细胞还没有开始分化。
然而，对于医学来说，这种未被利用的潜能也许是一种极大的好处。大多数疾病与健康细胞的死亡有关——早老性痴呆症中的脑细胞、心脏病中的心脏细胞、糖尿病中的胰腺细胞等等，仅列举这些。如果医生能够分离干细胞，然后指令这些细胞发育，他们就可能为病人提供健康的移植组织。
这样做的难度非常大。但是去年秋天，威斯康星州大学的科学家设法分离了干细胞，并使这些细胞发育成神经细胞、内脏细胞、肌肉细胞和骨骼细胞。这一过程还不能被控制，该过程可能有无法预料的局限性。但是如果致力于了解并控制干细胞发育的努力被证实是成功的话，那么医生将会拥有一种威力无比的治疗手段。
这同样适用于克隆——实际上，克隆正好与之相反。就像两年前克隆羊“多利”首次所展示的那样，真正的克隆包括：提取一个发育的细胞、重新激活细胞里面的基因组、重新设置它的发育指令使其恢复到原始状态。一旦发生了这些事情，恢复活力的细胞就会发育成一个成熟的动物，该动物在基因上同其父(母)完全相同。
对于农业来说，像奶牛产奶或肉猪产低脂肪肉这些纯自然的属性具有真正的商业价值，几年内，生物学方面的克隆就会成为普通的事情。去年，科学家克隆出了老鼠和奶牛，就像伊恩·威尔马特克隆“多利”一样，明年，其他的动物肯定会加入克隆的动物行列。
另一方面，克隆人可能在技术上可行，但是在法律和情感上却更加艰难。不过，总有一天会克隆出人的。把身体细胞重新调整到原始的、未发育的状态的能力可能为医生带来他们从干细胞中能够获得的同样好处：即有可能培育出各种各样健康的人体器官，从而利用这些器官治病。这可能会被证明是真正的“神奇疗法”。
Text 2
篇章导读
本文采用的是一般——特殊型分析性的思维模式。本文中心阐述的是关于美国社会当前面临的最严重问题：人们无法对社会以及在社会中的生活达成一致意见。而作者提出，由于美国是一个多样性的社会，只有通过总体去归纳过去的神话和童话，才能得出我们将来所要产生的社会意识和形态。作者在第2自然段接着讲述了造成美国多样性的原因，是与这个国家的民族来源相当多以及这种对多样性的过分强调，所导致的人们思想或者心理方面的沮丧，最后一段提出的是解决问题的方法，像第一段所提出的只有一种共有的“myth”才能彻底解决美国人的一种心理归属的情感和感知。文章的关键词汇为“society”、“consensus”、“life”、“fantasy”、“diversification”以及“myth”
思路解析
26【答案】[A]
【解析】题干问：“本文作者认为，美国社会面临的最大问题在于……”。本文开篇就讲述了美国社会当前面临的最严重问题是人们无法对社会以及在社会中的生活达成一致意见，因此[A]“对社会形成的社会形态缺乏一致性的意见”为正确选项。而选项“对社会生活当中的共有组织缺乏分歧”，选项[C]“不接受基于个体多样性的社会”和选项[D]“由于国家道德衰败所导致的广泛存在的沮丧”都不是美国社会所面临的最大问题。
27【答案】
【解析】题干问：“美国人没有社会群体感的个性很可能来自于……”。正确选项为“美国社会的多种族构成方式”，本文第2自然段已经说明了美国是一个多移民的国家，而在第1自然段作者所说的也是关于美国社会的多样性，并且这一思想在第3自然段又重新给予了重申和说明。而选项[A]“缺乏共同的宗教和祖先”，选项[C]“缺乏在生活中所拥有的共享的神话”和选项[D]“对自我陶醉的个性是一种抵触”都不符合题干的要求。
28【答案】
【解析】题干问：“在第1自然段提到荷马史诗的目的是……”。提到荷马史诗的目的是为了说明一种共享神话对社会形态的重要作用，关于神话或关于共享这个话题在文中是反复说明的。只有通过过去才能得到一种共同的思想，才能对社会形态达成一种共识，因此为正确选项。而选项[A]“举证古代诗人做出的贡献”，选项[C]“说明社会永久发展的一种理想阶段”以及选项[D]“让‘社会应该是什么’的神话为人们所知”都不是作者列举荷马史诗的目的。
29【答案】[C]
【解析】题干问：“作者得出的结论是只有共享神话才能帮助美国人……”，正确答案为选项[C]“避免在生活当中有负面情绪”。关于美国人在生活中有负面情绪的问题在文章的2、3段都有明显的提及，尤其在全文的最后一句。因此可以把这个题定位在全文的最后一句。而选项[A]“导致他们文化的统一性”，选项“重新获得关于共有经历的一致意见”和选项[D]“抵触关于社会的一致意见所带来的影响”都不符合原文的事实。
30【答案】[D]
【解析】题干问：“从第2段我们可以推论出克里斯托夫·拉西可能是……”。本题可以从两个角度来考虑，第一、作者谈论只有了解过去的历史才能为我们将来的思维作出一种果断和明确的判断，第二、整篇文章所讲的是一个社会方面的问题，因此[D]“一个社会历史学家”是最符合文章的选项。而选项[A]“一个改革的鼓吹者”，选项“一个资深的心理学家”和选项[C]“一个很有名望的诗人”都不符合题意。
参考译文
目前我们社会最痛心的就是缺乏对“社会应该是什么”以及“社会生活应该是什么”这类问题的一致意见。现阶段，不可能从社会获得这种一致意见，或者不可能从“社会应该是什么”的幻想中获得这样的一致意见。对于一致意见，现在太现实并且多样性太强，而未来又太不确定，所以不可能对它做出可信的断言。因此，目前的一致意见只能通过对过去共有的理解才能获得就像荷马史诗告知几个世纪之后的人们一致意见对于希腊人来说意味着什么，他们又是依靠什么样的想象和理想过着生活、构造社会。
大多数社会从悠久的历史、共同的语言、共同的信仰以及共同的祖先那里获得一致意见。他们赖以生活的神话就是基于所有这些东西。但是，美国是一个移民国家，这些移民来自于许多国家。近来，得到强调的是：以自我为中心的、自我陶醉的个性已经成为美国人的特性，正是这种个性导致了美国缺少安宁，因为这种个性妨碍我们达成一致意见，而这种一致意见会抵制退回到私有社会的趋势。在研究自我陶醉的过程中，克里斯托夫·拉西说，现代人“由于受自我意识的折磨，转而求助新的疗法。他这样做并不是为了使自己摆脱个人的苦恼，而是为了弄清生活的意义和目的，是为了寻找盼望的东西。”由于整个国家的道德衰败，所以存在普遍的忧虑，我们国家早期的幻想和目的失去了理性。
与严格的宗教或政治信仰相反，正如在极权主义社会所发现的那样，我们的文化是一种存在巨大个性差异的文化，至少大体上、理论上是这样。但这导致了不和，甚至是混乱。美国人赞成多样性的价值观，但这只是因为我们的社会是一个以个体的差异为基础的社会，这个社会需要对一些主要的想法取得一致意见，而不是对以公民的相同来源为基础的社会取得一致意见。因此，如果我们要取得一致意见，那么这种一致意见应该基于一种神话——有关一种相同经历的幻想，一种使我们能够成为美国人的征服历程，就像对特洛伊的征服成就了希腊人一样。只有一种共有的神话才能减轻人们的这种恐惧：生活是没有意义或目的的。通过把它比作一种共有的观念，神话使得我们检验我们在世界上的位置。神话是共有的幻想，这些幻想构成了一种纽带，而这种纽带把个体同他所在群体的其他成员联系在一起。这样的神话帮助消除了孤立、内疚、焦虑以及满无目的的感觉——简而言之，这些神话防止了孤立以及社会的道德标准和价值观的衰败。
Text 3
篇章导读
本文的篇章层次是提出问题、分析问题和解决问题的果因分析型。本文中心阐述的是美国有经验的工人提前退休将损害美国的经济以及对此哈德森研究所提出的解决方法。文章第1自然段首先提出了问题，即美国有经验的工人提前退休造成劳动力短缺，从而损害美国的经济。第2自然段作者对比分析了美国老年人与青壮年的增长率，说明美国不久将面临劳动力短缺的问题，并提出改变政府政策的想法，第3自然段讲述了美国有经验的工人提前退休的原因在于他们得不到好处。第4自然段讲述了哈德森研究所的研究人员所不赞同的观点，并举例说明，第5自然段系统地阐述了哈德森研究所倡导的改革方法。本文的关键词为“early retirement”、“experienced workers”、“Hudson Institute”、“public policy”、“benefits”、“labor shortage”以及“economic”
思路解析
31【答案】[D]
【解析】题干问：“哈德森研究所的研究人员认为，有经验的工人提前退休对美国经济产生的影响是……”。此题可定位于文章第1自然段，该段的主题为有经验的工人提前退休正在严重损害美国的经济，因此[D]“有害的”为正确选项。而选项[A]“建设性的”和选项“意义重大的”与原文信息相反，选项[C]“不确定的”，原文明确讲述了这种提前退休的现象对美国经济是有害的，因此选项[C]也不正确。
32【答案】
【解析】题干问：“美国有经验的老工人常常提前退休原因在于他们延长工作也许会……”。正确选项为 “最终获得极少或得不到好处”。此题可定位于文章第3自然段，该段讲述了老工人提前退休的原因在于虽然收入会增长，但是交纳的税也会增长，因此个人获得的利润是极少的。而选项[A]“对后代有害”，选项[C]“展示他们的潜能”和选项[D]“进一步了解社会的动向”是原文片语信息的编造。
33【答案】[A]
【解析】题干问：“写作第二段主要是为了说明……”。第2自然段作者通过对比老年人和青壮年的人口增长率，说明了美国即将面临劳动力短缺的问题。且文章第1自然段最后一句也讲述了美国有经验的人提前退休造成劳动力短缺的问题。因此[A]“在不久的将来劳动力将急剧短缺”为正确选项。而选项“战后生育高峰时期出生的人对美国的经济产量做出了巨大的贡献”，是对原文信息的错误理解。选项[C]“政府关于老年人的政策已经过时了”，文中虽然提到必须改变政府的政策，但这并不是第二段的写作目的。选项[D]“老工人热衷于领取社会福利”偏离了第二段讲述的中心。
34【答案】[C]
【解析】题干问：“当提到‘华尔街交易中的股票市场’时，作者……”。正确选项为 [C]“是在反驳一种关于有经验的工人提前退休的观点”。文中第4自然段提到一种大众观点：认为年纪大的美国人将不得不工作，原因是由于他们所存的积蓄还不够，但哈德森研究所的研究人员却不同意这一观点，随后举例反驳了这一大众观点。而选项[A]“是在引起人们对战后生育高峰时期出生的人所被给予的特权的注意”，选项“呼吁政府采取措施阻止劳动力短缺”和选项[D]“是在解释联邦政府的税收和利率政策的无效性”都不是作者引用这一例子的目的。
35【答案】[D]
【解析】题干问：“对于这一问题，作者最关心的是……”。正确选项为[D]“延长有经验的老工人的作用”。此题可定位于文章的最后一句，该句讲述了不管采取何种措施都必须允许延长年纪大的、有经验的工人的作用。而选项[A]“支持对政府的政策进行彻底地改革”，选项“考虑到关于退休的利益”和选项[C]“把哈德森研究所的研究人员相信的观点付诸实施”都不是作者最关心的问题。
参考译文
根据公共政策研究组织哈德森研究所的一份新出的报告，有经验的工人提前退休正在严重损害美国的经济。目前，许多年纪大的、有经验的工人在提前退休。根据最近发布的统计，79%的合格工人62岁时就开始领取退休金。如果这种趋势继续的话，将会造成劳动力的短缺，劳动力的短缺将会阻碍21世纪美国经济的增长。
根据美国人口普查署的报告，老年美国人在总人口中所占的比例正在逐渐扩大。2001到2020年期间，超过65岁的人将增长60%。同期内，18到44岁的人将只增长4%。继续雇佣有技术的老年(即使是部分时间雇佣)将提高美国的经济产量，加强税收。但是，如果没有重要的政策变动，战后生育高峰时期出生的人似乎更可能大规模地提前退休。
现在，从经济的角度来看，62岁时退休是合理的决定。社会保险和医疗辅助计划的收入限制与税收滞纳罚款，使大多数有经验的工人承担了高达67%的边际税收。社会保险的规定鼓励提前退休。尽管再工作几年收入通常会增加，但任何费用都增长——35年的工龄后要交纳更高的社会保险税，而利润的增长却很小。
哈德森研究所的研究人员认为，联邦政府的税收与利率政策有误，迫切需要进行这方面的改革。但他们不同意目前流行的观念：大批年纪大的美国工人将不得不工作，原因是社会保险不会支持他们；或者那些战后生育高峰时期出生的人为退休所存的积蓄还不够。根据401(k)的增长以及基奥退休计划、华尔街交易中的股票市场、大量遗产的可能性，有证据显示：战后生育高峰时期出生的人到65岁时将比其长辈拥有更多的财富。
哈德森研究所倡导改革政府的那些不鼓励工作和存储的政策，尤其是那些有关年纪大的工人的政策。以下是报告所推荐的方法：不管其他收入，只对所有社会保险赔偿费的一半征税；每年为超过65岁的人提供超过8%的退休金；允许即将退休的工人协商补偿的一揽子交易，其中可以包括更低的工资，但要有更多的保健利益。然而，要想找到解决年纪大的、有经验的工人提前退休这一问题的方法，需要真正的、富有成效的计划；采取的任何措施都必须允许延长年纪大的、有经验的工人的作用。
Text 4
篇章导读
本文采用的逻辑方式是结果原因分析法，讲述了15世纪到16世纪的一位艺术家的作品不为人们所欣赏的各种原因。在第1自然段，作者提出了这位艺术家不为人们欣赏的主要现象，并受到了人们的广泛忽略，第2自然段讲述了许多人觉得他的作品无法理喻，因为他与同时代人的作品是格格不入的。第3 自然段阐述了他对古典艺术风格的态度，最后一段讲述了只有在大约两三百年之后，人们才充分意识到他的作品是相当有成就感并且是相当独特的。本文的关键词为“history”、“work”、“art”、“Botticelli”、“appreciation”以及“evaluation”。
思路解析
36【答案】
【解析】题干问：“下面哪项可以作为这篇文章的最佳标题？”正确选项为“桑德罗·波提切利：从被抛弃到被欣赏”。而选项[A]“标准艺术分析和评价的作用”是原文的部分中心。选项[C]“批评家们长期对艺术作品的反映”太泛化。选项[D]“波提切利和佛罗伦萨：一种比较研究”与原文相反。
37【答案】[D]
【解析】题干问：“我们从本文可以知道，艺术的批评家们长期都……”。正确选项为[D]“低估了波提切利所取得的成就”。而选项[A]“压抑了艺术家们的艺术创造性”，在文中没有提及，选项“喜爱波提切利最好的作品”和选项[C]“抛弃了传统的艺术特征”都和原文的意思相反。
38【答案】[C]
【解析】题干问：“瓦萨利和霍姆对于波提切利的作品的观点是……”。瓦萨利在文中第1段提及，其态度是反对的，霍姆在文中最后一段提及，其观点是赞成的，因此选项[C]“相反的”为正确选项。而选项[A]“相同的”，选项“互补的”和选项[D]“相似的”都与文章的含义相反。
39【答案】[C]
【解析】题干问：“‘connoisseurs’(第1段)最可能的意思是……”。在第一段作者讲述了那些评论家，不管是业余的还是职业的，他们对于波提切利作品的评价，所以选项[C]“可能作出评论的评论家”是该单词最可能表达的含义。而选项[A]“是拉菲尔前派运动的代表人物”，选项“喜欢佛罗伦萨的人”和选项[D]“遵从传统艺术的守旧者”都与原文不相符合。
40【答案】[A]
【解析】题干问：“作者是怎么看待波提切利的再现的技巧？”正确选项为 [A]“应该受到高度的欣赏”，这是对原文中心的归纳。而选项“源自某个不确信的来源”，选项[C]“暗示了他的个人魅力”和选项[D]“吻合于传统的风格”都与原文的意思是不相符合的。
参考译文
历史上，对桑德罗·波提切利(1444～1510)作品的反应表明，批评家们是最近才开始广泛欣赏他的作品的。从瓦萨利在1550年写的文章中，可看出他对波提切利的作品感到不安，并认为很难把波提切利的作品对入自己的艺术发展史理论框架。在后来的两百多年中，学院艺术历史学家诋毁波提切利，但支持波提切利的同事佛罗伦萨。即使当十九世纪早期非学院艺术的历史学家抛弃了前辈们使用的许多评价标准，波提切利的作品仍然得不到欣赏，既不能取悦业余观赏者也不能让专业鉴赏家满意。(他的很多佳作都被束之高阁，放在一些偏远的教堂和人家。)
波提切利不受欢迎的首要原因不难理解。直到十九世纪中期，大多数观赏者都认为他不值得注意。因为在这些观赏者看来，他的大部分作品中都没有展现十五世纪佛罗伦萨画派的传统特色。比如，波提切利很少采用严格的透视画法技巧，也不像米开朗基罗，他从来不用明暗法。
波提切利不受欢迎的另外一个原因就是他对古典艺术风格的看法与时人大相径庭。尽管他接触了大量的古典画法，却对借用古典风格没有任何兴趣。像他这样总体上来说是一个古典主题的画家，在风格上却与古典画派的风格很少有共同之处，这的确很矛盾。
无论如何，当观众更仔细地审视波提切利的作品和15世纪佛罗伦萨画派的关系时，他的名声日益增长。1850年和1870年之间拉菲尔前派运动以及作家佩特(遗憾的是，尽管他的评价是建立在对波提切利人格的错误分析上的)，对波提切利的分析与评价，促进了所有英语国家对波提切利的重新评定。然而，波提切利的作品，尤其是西斯廷壁画，直到1908年最终得到了霍姆全面、谨慎的分析后才引起了全世界的关注。霍姆肯定地宣布那些壁画和十五世纪其他佛罗伦萨画派作品有着共同的重要特征——例如熟练地体现解剖的比例和运动中的人物轮廓。但是，霍姆争辩说，波提切利并没有严格贯彻这些风格，相反，他强调对题材鲜明地挖掘，这是一种独特的成就，使传统的佛罗伦萨画派特征显得不那么重要。正因为霍姆的强调对任何艺术研究都至关重要，所以波提切利的成就在二十世纪得到了认可。
Part B
本部分内容请参见Part B(一) 答案解析及参考译文
Part C
篇章导读
本文的主要内容为为满足对氚的需求，美国所采取的方法。文章首先讲述了美国的所有核武器生产设施都被关闭，之后讲述了由于氚的半衰期较短，因此在未来10到15年内美国需要氚的保证供应以维持储存，接着讲述了考虑到将来对氚的需求，国防办公室正在使用两种技术：一种是使用可发电的核反应堆，另一种是使用加速器。最后讲述了除这两种方法之外，还有一种办法是直接从加拿大或俄罗斯购买氚。
思路解析
46.本句为简单句。句子的主干结构为“...tritium from retired weapons has been used to make up that...”，其中“Because of...national policy”为because of引导的原因状语。句中的that指代的对象为“tritium”，“lost through natural decay”为过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰前面的“that.”
47. 本句为主从复合句。句子的主干结构为“...the United States will need a guaranteed supply of tritium...”，其中“depending on future negotiations”为现在分词短语做伴随状语，“to maintain its stockpile”为目的状语，“whatever level is agreed on”为whatever引导的介词宾语从句。
48. 本句的句子主干结构为“...the present Administration has a definite bias against nuclear power, so...”，其中“so an alternative method...would produce”为so 引导的结果状语从句，在该状语从句的“it is agreed that...”中，it 为形式主语，真正的主语为that引导的从句，在该从句中包含有“as much...as”的结构，其中第二个as引导比较状语从句。
49. 本句为主从复合句。句子的主干结构为“Proponents readily admit that...”，其中that引导“admit”的宾语从句。
50. 本句的句子主干结构为“Proponents also neglect to mention that...”，其中that引导“mention”的宾语从句，在该宾语从句中又包含一个so that引导的结果状语从句。
参考译文
现在美国的所有核武器生产设施都被关闭，而且遵照各项协定，除非有极紧急情况，这些设施将永不再使用。所有现代核武器都使用铀、钚、氚。铀和钚都有很长的半衰期，并且还会有这类物质的大量残余物。
不过，氚的半衰期相对较短，约12.6年，因此每年必须更换现有量的5%以维持总量。(46) 美国依从早期的协定和国家政策，促使核武器大批量退役，所以这些退役核武器中的氚已经被用来补充自然衰减的氚。(47) 但是，未来10至15年内，依照协商不论同意哪种贮存量，美国都将需要氚的保证供应以维持储存。
考虑到将来对氚的需求，国防办公室主管正在使用两项技术：一是使用可发电的核反应堆，售电收入可以维持反应堆的资金成本和年运营成本。(48) 遗憾的是，当局对核能持有很大偏见。所以人们也在寻找另外一种替代方法，尽管这种方法被认为会耗费两倍于核反应堆的费用，消耗一个核反应堆所产生的电能。这项技术是使用加速器以产生能生成中子的高能质子。
对加速器的主要争论在于它会产生非常规核废料。(49) 项目的支持者欣然承认，这种加速器会产生放射性物质。不过与使用过的核燃料废料相比，放射性物质的半衰期相对要短。而加速器需要使用与核电厂等同的电能这个事实则被忽略。
(50) 项目的支持者还不屑一顾这样的事实：即全美大约百分之二十二的电能来自核电站。因此，不仅被加速器所消耗的那百分之二十二的电能会产生常见的核废料，而且加速器本身还要产生废料。除反应堆或加速器之外还有另一办法，就是直接从加拿大或俄罗斯购买所需氚。
| Section Ⅲ Writing 参考范文 Part A 51. Dear manager, I write this letter to you to make some complaints about the computer I bought in your store yesterday afternoon. There’s something wrong with it. That makes me extremely unhappy. The computer cannot be properly shut down when I got it back to the office. When I click the shutdown button, it seems that the machine gives no response. And I’m so annoyed with it. It’s obvious that you didn’t carefully examine the machine before you sold it. I think your store should take full responsibility for selling me the defective machine. I insist that you give me a satisfactory reply. I do want you to give back my money as soon as possible. Sincerely yours, Tom Part B 52. As is depicted in the picture entitled “cries from our descendants”, a boy is calling on his ancestors — citizens today throughout the world — to ensure a better environment and a greater abundance of natural resources for future generations. With a forced smile on the face, he is crying bitterly and desperately. Such a scene can just put us deep in thought. The drawer of the picture intends to force us to ask ourselves some very thoughtprovoking questions concerning nature conservation. Are we willing to be more conservative in our life requirements, and are we willing to moderate our use of the world’s resources for our descendants? Can we, in fact, reduce our consumption of petroleum, coal and electricity, in order to reduce the pollution and environmental pressures created by excessive energy use and to allow others to live a better life? Are we willing to spend more money for pollution control and environmental restoration? Are we willing to devote more effort to recycling? Can we moderate our demand for fatrich diets and superprocessed convenience food? These are some of the central issues of the presentday world, and ones on which the quality of present and future environments may depend. As citizens in the modern world, it is our duty to give thought to the living environment and conditions of our offspring. We must take positive actions to remedy the worsening situation, which is sadly threatening to ruin every corner of the world. Only in this way can the boy stop crying and show some respect to his ancestors. 范文译文 如同图画中的题目所描述的那样：“后代的呼唤”，一个男孩在号召先辈——当今全世界的人们——希望他们能为后代留下更好的环境和更丰富的自然资源。他努力强颜欢笑，却只能绝望的哭泣。这样的画面不能不让我们深思。 图画的作者希望通过这样的画面让我们深思某些关于自然保护的问题。我们是否愿意节制自己的生活所需？为了我们的后代，我们是否愿意有节制地使用地球的资源？事实上，我们是否能够真的为以后人们的美好生活着想，从而节制对石油、煤炭以及电力的消费以减轻过度使用能源而造成的污染和环境问题？我们是否愿意投入更多的资金去控制污染和挽救环境？我们是否愿意为回收利用而付出更多的努力？我们是否能够节制对高脂肪饮食和方便食品的需要？这些是当今世界面临的核心问题。现在和将来的美好环境取决于这些问题的解决。 作为当今世界的公民，考虑子孙后代的生活环境是我们的责任。我们必须采取积极的措施去解决日渐恶化并已危及世界各地的环境问题。只有这样，这个男孩才能停止哭泣而尊重他的祖先。 举一反三 本文的标题提示为“后代的呼唤”。不难从图中所示内容发现，漫画作者所要提出的是现代社会对自然资源的过度使用和浪费问题。这些问题发人深思，人类应该思索如何合理利用资源和保护环境，留下一个可以继续赖以生存的世界给子孙后代。 本文第一自然段简要描述了画面的内容。第二自然段的分析紧扣画面内容，并就自然资源在各个方面浪费的问题展开了阐述性论证，使用了大量修辞和疑问句，就当代社会不注重资源的节约，不注重环境保护等问题展开分析。在上述两段的基础上，很自然地在最后一段提出了解决问题的方案。 整篇文章主要采用的是分析性的阐述思维方法，先表明了作者的观点，之后进行具体的论证。围绕着“男孩”、“后代”、“环境”、“自然资源”、“问题”等关键词概念展开。作者在字里行间流露出对浪费资源行径的批评态度。 就类似话题，如“森林保护”、“污染问题”、“资源使用”、“水资源”、“废物回收利用”、“一次性产品”、“勤俭节约”等可以模仿本文的思路写作。此外，就本篇命题作文也可以从其他的角度入手，如“人们浪费的心态(mentality)”、“一次性用品的泛滥(prevalence of disposables)”等。 |
Part B (一) 答案解析及参考译文
Sample One
思路解析
41【答案】[C]
【解析】第4l题在文章第一段的末尾，按照英语文章的结构来判断，它应该是本文的主旨句。通过阅读文章的剩余部分我们发现，文章主要在讲各个时代的哲学家、思想家并没有局限于自己所处的社会进行创作，因此正确答案是[C]，“许多名声跨越几个世纪的哲学家不得不为政府、教堂、社会的否认、审查或惩罚所困扰。”
42【答案】[G]
【解析】第42题在文章第二段的中部。空白处是本段的中心句，它是由本段的第一句话引出来的，因此在内容上是对第一句话的延伸和升华，可见正确答案是[G]，“这样看来，似乎是哲学家必须考虑到他所处的那个时代所能够预见到的所有反对他的哲学的观点，以便他既能清楚他的现状又能看到他的将来。”
43【答案】[F]
【解析】第43题是文章的第三段。从结构上看本段应该是全文前后两部分的过渡段，因为本段之前，作者在谈思想家应该保持思想的先进性或者说是超前性，而空白之后的内容涉及“与科学的结合可以让哲学保持先进性”，由此可见只有F能够充当这一连接前后两部分内容的角色，“这样一来，我认为，哲学家避免落伍最好的办法似乎是注意把科学知识融合进哲学。当然，这一举动使独立评估特定的科学观点的优缺点成为必然，从而也使彻底了解那个理论成为必然。”
44【答案】[D]
【解析】第44题由于有了第三段的过渡，从哲学谈到具体科学，那么要得出正确答案[D]并不难，“归根结底，物理学向我们提供洞察宇宙哲学的能力，因为两者寻求做同样的事的不同方法；心理学，社会学，人类学和考古学向我们提供理解认识论的洞察力；涉及对比文化的各种‘软’科学为伦理学等提供精神食粮。”
45【答案】
【解析】第45题在文章最后一段的中部，从内容上来看，最后一段的第一句已经对文章的主题进行了回顾，那么空白处的文字则是对本段第一句话的进一步阐释，只有与之一致，“准确地说，哲学应该通过理性的判断与其他的科学相融合。而不是尾随其他科学之后，或与其他科学保持距离并行前进，哲学应是科学和哲学组合舰队的旗舰。”
参考译文
对我来说，我们在课堂上了解到的许多哲学家似乎是那么的过时。当然，仅在某人生活的年代被收集到作品中是件容易的事，但是，哲学的产生必须依赖历史情况和一个人知识面的广泛程度。(41) 许多名声跨越几个世纪的哲学家不得不为政府、教堂、社会的否认、审查或惩罚所困扰。
尽管如此，维克多·雨果说若他仅为自己的时代写作，他宁可折断笔杆，弃之而去。(42) 这样看来，似乎是哲学家必须考虑到他所处的那个时代可预见到的所有反对他的哲学的观点，以便他既能清楚他的现状又能看到他的将来。在我眼中，似乎对现代和现代之前的哲学家的异议通常来源于他们的哲学与公认的现行的科学事实不相符合。比如，柏拉图的形式理论似乎与现代物理学和宇宙学并不一致。虽然我仅能对康德的理论基础——心理学略知一二，然而康德的理论似乎是非常令人质疑的。
(43) 这样一来，我认为，哲学家避免落伍最好的办法似乎是注意把科学知识融合进哲学。当然，这一举动使独立评估特定的科学观点的优缺点成为必然，从而也使彻底了解那个理论成为必然。
(44) 归根结底，物理学向我们提供洞察宇宙哲学的能力，因为两者寻求做同样的事的不同方法；心理学、社会学、人类学和考古学向我们提供理解认识论的洞察力；涉及对比文化的各种“软”科学为伦理学等提供精神食粮。当然，历史是理解哲学的必须之物：哲学的来源、哲学的用途等等。萨特虽然发展了一些尼采和克尔剀郭尔哲学思想，但他或许不能详细解释他们那个时代的存在主义的那些相同的观点。提出“上帝已经死了”的尼采不可能写出迪卡尔时代的东西；而迪卡尔也不可能在柏拉图时代表达他的激进的个人主义思想。
我想我在长篇赘述的观点是哲学不能(而且不应该，一定不能)与其他的科学相分离。(45) 准确地说，哲学应该通过理性的判断与其他的科学相融合。而不是尾随其他科学之后，或与其他科学保持距离并行前进，哲学应是科学和哲学组合舰队的旗舰。虽然其他科学能给我们提供数据，观察资料和理论，但是只有哲学能将这一切融为有机的一体，告诉我们怎么处理这些材料，或者为我们日常生活中使用这些东西提供有意义的帮助。
Sample Two
正确排序
41.[C] 42.[E] 43.[A] 44. 45.[D]
篇章导读
本文是一篇“问题——分析——解决”型文章。作者在第1自然段指出了电视对美国人的影响，在第2、3自然段分析了电视“娱乐”以及“教化”的关系，在第4段分析了电视的现状态中存在的问题，在第5、6自然段分析了存在问题的原因。最后给出了解决的方法。
思路解析
41【答案】[C]
【解析】本题的选择可以至少从以下三个角度考虑。其一,本语段的话题为“娱乐和教化的关系”。其二，本语段的第1个句子承接了第1自然段最后一句的内容。其三，本段与上一个段落构成了总分关系。
42【答案】[E]
【解析】本题的选择可以至少从以下三个角度考虑。其一,本语段的话题为“娱乐和教化的问题”。其二，本语段的第1个句子承接了第2自然段最后一句的内容。其三，本段与上一个段落构成了对比关系。
43【答案】[A]
【解析】本题的选择可以至少从以下三个角度考虑。其一,本语段的话题为“美国电视节目现在存在的问题”。其二，本语段的第1个句子中的代词“that”与上一个段落的话题构成了衔接关系。其三，本段与上一个段落构成了总分关系，即存在的问题具体在什么方面。
44【答案】
【解析】本题的选择可以至少从以下三个角度考虑。其一,本语段的话题为“电视节目的制造者”。其二，本语段的第1个句子承接了上一个自然段最后一句的内容。其三，本段与上一个段落构成了“结果——原因”的分析关系。
45【答案】[D]
【解析】本题的选择可以至少从以下三个角度考虑。其一,本语段的话题为“电视行业的经济问题”。其二，本语段的第1个句子中的“problem”一词承接了上一个自然段的内容。其三，本段与上一个段落构成了对比关系，即“主要不是制作的问题，而是经济问题。”
参考译文
[G]虽然他们的动机受到质疑，可是总统、副总统对电视娱乐节目的道德内涵所做的攻击，已在美国人灵魂的殿堂中引起回响。许多人对发言者并不认同，可是仍然认同他们的寓意。他们都不喜欢美国电视节目的道德腔调。在我们的社会中，论及传达价值观、提供角色典范、形成良知与启发行为等方面，电视的影响力大概只有家庭能与之相比。教育家、宗教领袖或政治领袖当中也很少有人的道德影响力能超过那些创造娱乐节目的人。
41.[C]凡是好节目，不仅能牢牢抓住观众，也要能启发观众了解做人的意义。这样的节目可以帮助人们成长，成为上帝创造人的本来面目：沉稳、独立自由、充满喜乐与爱。意义、自由与爱 —— 这些就是最高的人性价值。美国观众有权要求娱乐节目的制作者提供这种人性的养料。
42.[E]问题不在于娱乐与教化之间的抉择。这两样是互补的，单独都无法成立。只有娱乐而没有教化的节目太肤浅，而且逃避现实。只有教化而没有娱乐的节目就是枯燥乏味。两者兼具有的节目会让人惊喜。
43.[A]美国观众看到的是这样的节目吗？各大电视网黄金时段的节目大概有10%是娱乐与教化的巧妙结合。从前的电视影片有些是富有人性价值的，可是现在都成了稀有品种了。我觉得电视节目太关切人们拥有的，太不关心人的本质；相当关切人如何照顾自己，完全不关心如何将自我与别人分享。电视往往告诉我们的是我们要听的那一半的真理，而不是我们该听的全部的真理。
44.电视为什么不能更完整地实现它促进人性的潜力？是否该归咎于创作电视节目的这圈子？有一部分是的，但不是主要的部分。我在这个圈子生活、工作有32年了，我既是神父也是制作人。这个圈子的人是有人生价值的一批人。事实上，这几个月来，好莱坞正在流行如何教化观众。一些媒体公司也集合起来出资损助“人道奖”，以褒扬、奖励达到教化观众目标的节目。
45.[D]美国电视的问题不是在于缺乏有良心的节目工作者，而是在于他们不得不在其工作的商业体系。美国的电视是一门生意。在过去,生意一直通过在公共服务这方面的承诺来加以平衡。近年来，大众传播的听众群被瓜分、利息支出庞大、制作成本高涨，再加上联邦通讯委员会放弃了维护公益的职责，于是造成电视节目几乎完全以盈亏为依归。各大电视网在挣扎求生。而从统计数字上看，观众要的仿佛是没有大脑、没有良心、逃避现实的节目。如果我们对电视公司请我们观赏的节目的道德内涵不满意，我想我们首先该反省一下自己的内心。我们打开电视，是打算投入现实，以粹取其意义，还是希望逃避到一个加了镇定剂的虚幻世界？如果宗教领袖想要提升美国娱乐的品质，不要再搞抵制、制作准则或审查制度，应该致力于教育人民了解媒体基础知识，并动员他们大批地出来支持高品质的节目。
[F]要改进美国娱乐节目的道德内涵，这是唯一可靠的办法。
Sample Three
篇章导读
本文谈论的中心是求职新指南。使用的主要思维方式是“一般——特殊型”。从各个侧面谈论了如何占据优势的面试技巧。
思路解析
41【答案】[F]
【解析】本题的选择可以至少从以下三个角度考虑。其一,从本语段话题概念来看，选项中的“resume”与原文中的“resume”等构成了篇章的词汇衔接关系。其二，从论点和论据的论证关系来看，本论据说明的就是简单的个人简历是无用的。其三，注意本语段作者对于简历的态度是否定的。
42【答案】[C]
【解析】本题的选择可以至少从以下三个角度考虑。其一,从本语段话题概念来看，选项中的“HR”与原文中的“HR”等构成了篇章的词汇衔接关系。其二，从论点和论据的论证关系来看，本论据说明的就是不要在人力资源部门错失良机，应该直接向那位最终要雇人的经理提出申请。其三，注意本语段作者对于人力资源部门的否定态度。
43【答案】
【解析】本题的选择可以至少从以下三个角度考虑。其一,从本语段话题角度来看，选项中的“a good match”与原文中的“matchmaking”等构成了篇章的词汇衔接关系。其二，从论点和论据的论证关系来看，本论据说明的就是面试之前就应该对公司进行考察，了解公司情况并考虑自己是否适合公司情况。其三，注意本语段作者对于“做媒工作”持有积极态度。
44【答案】[A]
【解析】本题的选择可以至少从以下三个角度考虑。其一,从本语段话题角度来看，选项中的“outlined the company’s challenges and the steps”是原文中的“at work”的具体表达。其二，从论点和论据的论证关系来看，本论据以Zagorski为例，说明把面试当成工作这一做法的重要性。其三，注意本语段的阅读需要从语用的角度进行。
45【答案】[D]
【解析】本题的选择可以至少从以下三个角度考虑。其一,从本语段话题角度来看，选项中的“the offer and the power”与原文中的“an offer”等构成了篇章的词汇衔接关系。其二，从论点和论据的论证关系来看，本论据说明的就是得到了工作，就有权利决定是否去那家公司并以什么条件接受雇佣。其三，此外注意最后两个自然段之间话题的一致性和语义的连贯性。换言之，本段的内容可以从下一段看出。
干扰分析
选项[E]分析。本选项的意义为：“那人惊得目瞪口呆，”科科迪洛斯说。“他对扎戈尔斯基说，结束面试已经没有必要了。相反，副总裁把组里的其他人员叫进来，这次会议持续了两个小时。”虽然就话题来说，与原文有一定的相关性，尤其与第44题，但是本选项从功能来看不能为第44题的论点提供充分的论证。
参考译文
20年前，当尼克·A·科科迪洛斯开始从事才探这一行时，便在发掘人才方面独具慧眼。他总是将表现突出的拔尖人才从他在硅谷的基地推荐到那些一流的公司，如施乐公司，国际商用机器公司和通用电气公司。然而，尽管他物色人才很成功，但是他选中的那些求职者在求职中经常以失败告终。他们或者在面试前，或者在面试过程中，或者在面试后把事情搞糟。
因此，科科迪洛斯不仅发掘人才，而且开始为求职者出谋划策。他通过教他们少走几家公司，与合适的人联系，面试时要投其所求等方法帮助他们提高成功率。他在《才探的锦囊妙计》(Plume出版公司，1997)这本书里，推翻旧说法，重新确定了包括从面试前的准备工作到面试技巧的求职规则。下面就是他提供的成功求职的六条新规则：
(41)你的简历毫无意义。才探们知道，仅凭一份简历，你几乎不可能进入某家公司。简历只是对你过去的概括，并无太大意义，因为它不能说明你能干好经理需要雇人干的那份工作。[F]“一份简历只会让雇用者伤一番脑筋才能知道你能怎样为他们的公司效力，”科科迪洛斯说。“那绝对不是推销你自己的办法。”
(42)不要在人力资源部门错失良机。才探们尽可能设法避开人力资源部门。[C]“多数人力资源部门都设有一个主要处理个人资料的机构，”科科迪洛斯说。“他们把你的资料包装、整理、入档并归类。然后，在这一堆杂乱无章的文件中如果你没被漏掉，他们可能会把你转给一位实际上对这种工作非常熟悉的经理。就在这位具有代表性的求职者等待人力资源部门面试时，才探已经通过非正规途径，用电话联系到那位要雇人的经理。”
(43)你和公司的真正做媒工作应在面试以前进行。只有当求职者的确能胜任某个职位时，才探们才会安排他或她去面试。你在自己找工作时，也要做同样的努力，以确保获得一份合适的工作。先了解工作的特点，再踏进公司面试。对公司要做一番调查，要了解公司的文化、目标及其竞争对手。了解一个公司的一个最好的办法就是，同在那里工作的人交谈。密歇根州安·阿伯公司的肯顿·格林就采用了这个技巧。当时，他正在罗切斯特大学完成电气工程和光学方面的博士生学习计划。“我首先要找到一篇和我是同行的人发表的文章，而这人所在的公司又是我感兴趣的公司。然后，我会打电话给他，请求和他谈谈，谈及我受雇的可能性以及公司的需求。会发生下面两种结果中的一种：要么获得去面试的机会；要么发现那家公司并不最适合我。”
记住，那位雇用者想雇用你。“一个公司举行面试，目的是找出某个职位的最合适人选，”科科迪洛斯说。“如果那个人选就是你，经理会欣喜若狂——因为他或她就不用继续面试，可以回去工作了。”
(44)把面试当作你第一天上班。多数人对待面试好像对待审问。雇用者提问，求职者回答。才探们有意避开这种场合。[A]看看科科迪洛斯是如何指点新泽西州爱迪生公司的格里·扎戈尔斯基的。扎戈尔斯基当时正在谋求美国电话电报公司的一个空缺职位。扎戈尔斯基走到副总裁的标示牌前，概述了公司面临的挑战以及他要采取的提高公司利润的措施。15分钟后，当扎戈尔斯基在盈亏一览结算线上把他估算出的、将为公司增加的利润数字写了下来时，他抬头看了看他的考核者。
(45)得到工作了？那就考核公司吧。当一位雇用者把工作给你时，他不仅仅给了你一个职位和一份工资合同——在雇用过程中，他也把他的部分控制权交给了你。[D]“面试时，雇用者掌握着这份工作以及随之而来的权力，”科科迪洛斯说。“但是，一旦把工作交出，他便把那份权力也交给了求职者。在那种情况下，很少有人意识到他们拥有这种权力。下一步你该研究如何改变这份工作来达到你的目标，并对公司进行全面考核。”
一旦你得到那份工作，科科迪洛斯说：“你就有权力决定是否有意去那家公司并以什么条件接受雇用。”
Sample Four
篇章导读
本文从一张来自父母的账单引入话题，暗示有意义的文档保存的话题。之后从个人档案管理和国家档案管理两个方面说明了信息过载的问题。随后提出了“顺其自然”的观点。
思路解析
41【答案】[F]
【解析】本题的选择可以至少从以下三个角度考虑。其一,从本语段话题角度来看，选项中的“tactics(策略)”概念为原文“strategy”、“policy”等概念的归纳。其二，从分析性思维的角度来看，本段作者着重谈论了不同的人对于文件的收集有不同的看法。其三，本语段承接了上文所引出的关于档案管理的话题。
42【答案】[A]
【解析】本题的选择可以至少从以下三个角度考虑。其一,从本语段话题角度来看，选项中的“personal and familial archival collection”概念为原文“household level archivist”、“everything that is personal and familiar”等概念的归纳。其二，从态度分析的角度来看，本段作者着重谈论了自己对于档案管理的热情并给予例证。其三，本语段承接了上段的策略问题，即作者自己的做法。
43【答案】[D]
【解析】本题的选择可以至少从以下三个角度考虑。其一,从本语段话题角度来看，选项中的“explosion(剧增)”概念为原文“exceeding”、“information overload”、“overabundant”等概念的归纳。其二，从分析性思维的角度来看，本段作者着重谈论了国家档案收集过快的问题。注意本段不能选择选项[C]。其三，本语段与上段构成了对比逻辑关系。
44【答案】[C]
【解析】本题的选择可以至少从以下三个角度考虑。其一,从本语段话题角度来看，选项中的“trivial personal documents”概念为原文“lifetime documentary output”等概念的归纳。其二，从分析性思维的角度来看，本段作者着重谈论了国家档案中存在过多的太过于细节化的文件。其三，本语段承接了上文所引出的关于档案过多的话题。
45【答案】[E]
【解析】本题的选择可以至少从以下三个角度考虑。其一,从本语段话题角度来看，本选项主要谈论的是应该如何正确对待文件和档案的策略。选项[E]表达了此意。其二，从态度分析的角度来看，本段作者使用了疑问句提出了对于档案的策略应该是什么？之后提出了自己的观点。其三，本语段内使用的是对比的逻辑。此外注意最后两个自然段之间话题的一致性和语义的连贯性。
参考译文
(1)几年前的一个上午，我收到父母的一封邮件，里面有一张1952年纽罗彻利医院在为我接生后开据的账单。在整理地下室和阁楼的东西时，那张账单出现在一堆宝贝纸箱中。在我小的时候，家里满满地塞有很多这样的纸箱。账单上，五天的住院费(包含药费和电话费)共达187.86美元。这么低的费用确实使我吃了一惊。但是还有让我吃惊的其他事情：几十年来，我们家积累下那么多的文件，在仔细看过以后，我父母认为唯一有保存意义的就是那张接生费用账单。
(2)在人生的某个阶段，大多数人会认识到在现代生活中不可避免地要确定保存个人文献的策略，因为人们必须对不同的文献加以区别对待。对小孩的绘画和卡片怎么办？对私人信件和杂志剪贴该如何处理？人们为每个这样的问题都想出了答案，但我怀疑这些答案往往错在多多益善上，更多保存的是无用的文件。正如一位考古学家所言，几乎每个人都在保管或“馆藏”《全国地理》杂志。这就是为什么这份杂志在垃圾场里很少会单本出现，而是一叠叠地被人们发现的原因。在收藏者死亡或搬迁之后，整个这套收藏品就被丢弃了。
(3)我一度突发收藏的兴致，成了一个不折不扣的家庭档案保管员。虽然我不是那种被公共卫生机关隔几年就检点一次的人，可我狭窄的过道里还是堆满了整齐地捆扎好的一叠叠报纸。我确实想保存个人和家庭的所有物品，甚至用一些更具有公众性质的古怪东西来补充我的私人档案库，例如托马列斯·纳斯特电话卡和金·菲尔比版本的《厨艺之乐》。
(4)然而，我不禁要问，全国档案的收藏量是不是正以超出人们理解的速度增加着呢？很多观察家引用“信息超载”这个名词，好像这个问题是最近才有，主要是计算机产生的结果。事实上，如何保存过多的档案，这是一个至少有几千年历史的古老问题。当资料匮乏的时候，研究历史的人肯定会感到头疼；但不难想到原始资料无比丰富时，一个截然不同的问题会随之出现。
(5)且不说评价整整一个时代所须付出的艰辛劳动，单看一看保存一个杰出人物的生平档案所须的体力精力就够了。本杰明·狄斯累利写的东西全部保存了下来，小到一封像如今的电子邮件那样的短信：“亲爱的，我会在今晚7:30回家吃饭。狄斯草。”伍德罗·威尔逊留下了这么多资料，以至于历史学家阿瑟·S·林克毕其一生都在普林斯顿大学注释威尔逊的私人文件，并结集出版，共达六十九卷。
(6)把某些档案馆当作新的“古土墩”荒谬吗？“古土墩”是由历代城市废墟一层层地堆积而成的，在中东随处可见，藏有千万年来人类历史的考古资料。无数的“古土墩”里，只有屈指可数的几座得到了系统的发掘。即使单单想弄清楚这几个“古土墩”里藏有什么，不花几个世纪，也得用几十年。
(7)请不要误解我。我决不是主张放弃什么。人们很难预知，什么样的资料会有趣味或重要性，什么样的资料应当干脆束之高阁。然而信息毕竟还是有自己的天敌，有时候，也许顺其自然反倒是最佳方式。