More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last year, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the overthecounter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests directly to the public, ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.
Among the most popular: paternity and kinship testing, which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and families can use to track down kids put up for adoption. DNA testing is also the latest rage a many passionate genealogists—and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots。
Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing.All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA。
But some observers are skeptical. “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors—numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other greatgrandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents。
Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation。
俗话说，贤父知己子，但是如今男人可以提升自己的智慧，至少可以确认自己是孩子的父亲了。他所要做的就是在住所附近的药店里付30美元买一个父子关系测试包(PTK)，然后另支付120美元以获得结果。
道格·福格是Identigene(生产这种在药店可以出售的测试包的公司)的首席运营官，他指出，自从去年PTK无需处方就可以买到以来，购买者已经超过6万人。超过24家公司直接向公众出售DNA检测工具，价格从几百美元到2500多美元不等。
最受欢迎的DNA测试是父子和血缘关系检测，被收养的孩子可以利用它找到自己的生物学亲属，家庭也可以用它来追踪到被收养的孩子。DNA检测最近不受到许多热心的族谱学家追捧，还为那些提供家族寻根服务的公司提供了支持。
许多测试需要从唾液中获取细胞，将唾液送至公司进行检测。所有的测试都需要另外一个相关人员的DNA进行比对。
但是观察家们持怀疑态度。纽约州立大学的社会学家特洛伊·达斯特说，“那些声称可以进行血统检测的人，他们兜售的测试有一定的不准确性”。他注意到每个人都有许多祖先，仅几个世纪以前就有几百个之多。但是多数血统检测只考虑某个单一系统，或者是遗传自父亲的Y染色体，或者是只由母亲遗传的线粒体DNA。这个DNA只揭示了一两个祖先的基因信息。但是，仅仅3代之前，除了曾祖父母，他们还有6个外曾祖父母，或者4代以前，除了曾曾祖父母，他们还有14个外曾曾祖父母。
批评家们还争论说商业性基因检测的好坏取决于参照基因数据库的好坏，参照基因数据库是用来同样本进行对比的。一些公司使用的数据库里的数据并非系统性的采集而得，而是将不同研究项目的信息胡乱搜集在一起。这意味某个DNA数据库可能会从某些地区收集很多信息，而在别的地区不收集信息，所以一个人的测试结果会随着测试公司的不同而不同。此外，公司用来评估血缘关系的电脑程序可能申请了专利，不能对其进行同行审查或外界评估。
第一段中心句：All he needs to do is shell out $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results. 他所要做的就是在住所附近的药店里付30美元买一个父子关系测试包(PTK)，然后另支付120美元以获得结果。
第二段中心句：More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the overthecounter kits. Doug Fogg是Identigene(生产这种在药店可以出售的测试包的公司)的首席运营官，该公司生产了在药店可以售出的这个测试包，他指出去年PTK无需处方就可以买到，自那以来，购买者已经超过6万人。
第三段中心句：Among the most popular: paternity and kinship testing, which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogistsand supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots . 最受欢迎的DNA测试是父子和血缘关系检测，被收养的孩子可以利用它找到自己的生物学亲属，家庭可以用它来追踪到被收养的孩子。
第四段中心句：Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. 许多测试需要收取口中的唾液来获取细胞，将唾液送至公司进行检测。
第五段中心句：But some observers are skeptical. 但是观察家们持怀疑态度。
第六段中心句：Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. 批评家们还争论说商业性基因检测的好坏取决于参照基因数据库的好坏，参照基因数据库是用来同样本进行对比的。
答案A C D A B(解析略)
Text 3
The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that it is, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living。
Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its prebubble peak, the U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotiveassembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda, Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts—a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job。
More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered t
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